STARRED Flashcards
1
Q
UCP clinical sign
A
ataxia
2
Q
CP clinical sign
A
knuckling while standing or walking
3
Q
maintains posture when sitting standing and walking
A
UCP
4
Q
axons in UCP travel in the
A
spinocerebellar tracts
5
Q
UCP processed in the
A
ipsilateral cerebellum
6
Q
test for postural sway
A
UCP
7
Q
facilitates complex motor activity - catching a frisbee
A
CP
8
Q
CP axons travel in the
A
DCML - dorsal columns
9
Q
large myelinated fibers
A
CP
10
Q
CP processed in the
A
contralateral cortex
11
Q
late, mild muscle atrophy
A
UMN
12
Q
normal to increased tone
A
UMN
13
Q
spastic paresis
A
UMN
14
Q
normal to hyperreflexia
A
UMN
15
Q
decreased proprioception
A
UMN
16
Q
decreased nociception
A
UMN
17
Q
rapid muscle atrophy
A
LMN
18
Q
flaccid paresis to paralysis
A
LMN
19
Q
hyporeflexia
A
LMN
20
Q
loss of sensation in associated dermatome
A
LMN
21
Q
local paresthesia or hyperesthesia
A
LMN
22
Q
neurological exam reflex response scale 0
A
0 - no reflex - LMN
23
Q
neurological exam reflex response scale 1
A
1 - diminished; hyporeflexia - LMN
24
Q
neurological exam reflex response scale 2
A
2 - brisk, modulated - normal
25
neurological exam reflex response scale 3
3 - increased; hyperreflexia - UMN
26
neurological exam reflex response scale 4
4 - increased, prolonged; clonus - UMN
27
pinch toes with hemostats determine if leg feels pain - watch eyes, watch response
no response - absence of deep pain - bad prognostic
indicator of vet for surgery - chiro recommend surgery but if can’t afford = adjust
28
withdrawal reflex - pinch toes with hemostat
pulls leg back - normal
could be diminished for hyper
29
dog came in draggin back legs in the door - if you can’t treat him, put him to sleep
adjust Frid, next Friday walked in the door
30
Toe pinch front
C6-T2
31
toe pinch back
L7-S2
32
triceps tendon
C7-T1
33
patellar tendon
L4-6
34
perineal reflex
S1-3
35
sensation - pinprick sensation use needle or pinwheel
start distally and test proximally
watch for absence of reaction to pricking
relate the zone of anesthesia to known dermatomes
36
Loss of function develops in a sequence
proprioception
voluntary motor activity
superficial sensation
deep pain - last to go
used to predict severity of spinal cord compression in IVDD
37
absence of deep apin is
major spinal core compression
38
used to predict severity of spinal core compression in IVDD
sensation - nociception
39
sensation - nociception
loss of function develops in a sequence
40
CN 1
oflactory nerve
special sense of smell
absence of smell (anosmia) may affect appetite - esp in cats
rhinitis is a common cause of loss of smell
irritating odors may stimulate CN 5 and cause sneezing
41
CN 2
optic nerve
sensory path for vision and pupillary light response
42
CN 3
anisocoria - differing pupil sizes
motor to most of the extrinsic eye muscles and levator palpebrae
lesion of CN3 can cause ventrolateral strabismus
43
parasympathetic pathway pupilllary constriction
consensual - 50% pupillary constriction
direct - 100% pupillary constriction
44
clinical signs of Horner’s disease
miosis
enopthamos
ptosis
prolapse of 3rd eyelid
45
disruption of sympathetic patheway to the head
horner’s disease
46
miosis
pupil will not dilate
47
enophthalmos
pupil pulls back
48
ptosis
drooping of the lid
49
adjustment for horner’s disease
T1 adjustment
50
CN 4
trochlear nerve
superior oblique muscle of the eye
testing is very difficult in animals and not commonly done
51
CN 5, V3
motor to muscles of mastication, check jaw tone
motor to masseter and temporalis m.
sensation to the face as well
dog may not close the mouth of open etc
52
CN 5
trigeminal nerve
sensory to the skin of the face
ophthalmic division - cornea, dorsal eyelids
mandibular divison
53
CN 6
motor to lateral rectus muscle and retractor bulbi muscles
54
CN 7
motor innervation to superficial muscles of the face
menace reflex
55
motor to face
sensation to face
facial nerve
trigeminal nerve
56
bells palsy canine
CN7 facial nerve
57
CN 8
vestibulocochlear nerve
cochlear nerve conveys sense of hearing
deaf and blind dogs do amazingly well
hair cells of the inner ear - activate CN 8
central pathway runs to the medial geneculate
58
CN 8 axons
axons from the inner ear project to vestibular nuclei in the medulla and cerebellum
59
2nd order neurons in CN 8 descend in the spinal cord to facilitate
extensor tone
60
ascending fibers CN 8
run to the motor nuclei of CN3, 4, 6; reticular formation
61
clinical signs peripheral vestibular disease
```
head tilt, ipsilateral
spontaneous nystagmus
falling, circling, or leaning to the same side as the lesion
ataxia - cerebellar nuclei
always check for middle ear infections
```
62
Major cliniical sign peripheral vestibular disease
head tilt, ipsilateral
63
horizontal or rotatory nystagmus with fast phase always in the direction opposite the head tilt
patient may have concomitant ipsilateral facial nerve paresis or paralysis or horner syndrome
because of the lcose association of cranial nerves 8 and 7 in the petrosal bone and the sympathetic nervous system in the tympanic bulla
peripheral deficits
64
vertical, horizontal, or rotatory nystagmus that can change with the position of the head
altered mentation
ipsilateral paresis or proprioceptive deficitis
other signs related to the cerebellum, rostral medulla, and caudal pons
in some patients multiple cranial nerve involvement other than cranial nerve 8
central deficits
65
caused by lesions in the cerebellar peduncles, cerebellar medulla, or flocculonodular lobes of the cerebellum
vestibular signs - head tilt with nystagmus are opposite the side of the lesion
cerebellar signs and the proprioceptive deficits are ipsilateral to the lesion
paradoxical vestibular syndrome
66
CN 9
glossopharyngeal nerve
sensory and motor to caudal tongue, parotid glands, pharynx, carotid sinus
asymmetry of soft palate, dysphagia, gaging, laryngeal paralysis, rabies ddx
snoring
67
regurgitation
no heaving = esophageal problems
68
CN 10
vagus nerve
megaesophagus - sensory and motor to the pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, palate, trachea, esophagus
viscera of the chest and abdomen
80% visceral sensory and 20% motor fibers
test with the gag reflex
69
CN 11
papions a lot
spinal accessory nerve
boxers with spoon shaped tongue
motor to muscles of the tongue
70
chiropractic evaluation of cervical pain
posture and gait
static palpation
motion palpation
muscle evaluation
functional tests
71
most flexion, extension, and bend is at
C0-C1
72
most of the axial rotation is at
C1-C2
73
axial rotation C2-4 is ____ than C5-7
2.5x less
74
flexion extension cervical
same from C2-C7
75
lateral flexion cervical
same from C2-C7
76
lateral flexion and rotation
are coupled
77
cervical flexion also involves
T1-T7 motion
78
wobbler disease clinical signs
ataxia
paresis
loss of proprioception
neck pain
neck held in flexion
progressive in nature
79
cervical radiculopathy
```
pain
central affects
deep tendon reflexes
motor function
sensation
```
pain - significant arm pain with little neck pain
central affects - none in acute stage
deep tendon reflexes - diminished
motor function - motor weakness in the associated myotome
sensation - numbness in the associated dermatome
80
cervical myelopathy
```
pain
central affects
deep tendon reflexes
motor function
sensation
```
pain - local cervical pain, referred interscapular pain
central affects - upper cervical lesion may refer pain to the suboccipital area; headache, blurring vision, tinnitus, or dysphagis
deep tendon reflexes - hyperreflexia caudal to the level of the lesion
motor function - generalized or bilateral weakness
sensation - bilateral hyperesthesia caudal to the lesion
81
compressive cord lesions
cervical stenosis
wallerian degeneration
82
sequence for loss of function
proprioception
voluntary motor
superficial pain or sensation
deep pain
83
what is wobbler’s
cervical vertebral instability
84
episodes of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain
seizure
85
seizure is seen as
jerking, spasms or rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscles
86
impaired voluntary control of urination, defecation, or breathing
seizure
87
may have a sensation of fear, confusion, dizziness, or start vocalizing
seizure
88
differential diagnosis epileptic seizures
hypoglycemia
hepatic encephalopathy
cervical trauma
nerve toxin exposure
esophagus or airway obstruction
89
clinical signs of canine vestibular disease
acute loss of balance
vomiting, nausea, anorexia
reluctant to stand or walk
dizziness, ataxia
head tilt
nystagmus
check for EENT infections
90
frequently in rabbits, from pastuerellosis, ear mites or neck trauma
torticollis
91
contraciton of muscles producing a twisted neck and abnormal head position
torticollis
92
torticollis also with lesion of CN 11
torticollis
93
muscles of the pharynx and larynx
CN 11 cranial branch
soft palate
pharynx
larynx
94
muscles that advance the shoulder or forelimb
CN 11 - spinal branch
trapezius
brachiocephalicus
sternocephalicus
omotransversarius
95
cervical vertebral malformations
| atlantoaxial instability
congenital or from trauma
malformation of occipital bone, atlas, axis, or dens
hypoplasia of the dens causes vertebral instability
dens slips over the transverse ligament
compresses the spinal cord
96
atlantoaxial instability signs
ataxia, paresis, or pain
subluxations especially when C2 is extended
progressive condition, re-occurance is likely
intermittent, positional, or progressive tetraparesis and neck pain
97
malocclusion clinical symptoms
```
toot pain
bruxism
clenched jaw
dropped food
sensitivity to touch
reluctance to fetch
rubbing face
abnormal head position
```
98
malocclusion chiropractic
mandible
hyoid apparatus
upper cervical vertebrae
cranial sutures
