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ANIMAL CHIROPRACTIC LECTURE > Biomechanics and Gait Analysis > Flashcards

Biomechanics and Gait Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

the study of the mechanics of a living body, especially of the forces exerted by muscles and gravity on the skeletal structure

A

biomechanics

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2
Q

applied physics do not want to change the center of gravity of the animal

A

law 1 - change requires force

law 2 - force must be enough to accelerate the mass

law 3 - the ground must resist the push

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3
Q

simplified explanation of the complexity of the horses back

A

bow and string theory

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4
Q

the abdominal muscles contracting allow the back to lift

A

bow and string theory

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5
Q

E. J. Slijper in 1946

A

bow and string theory

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6
Q

bow and string model

A

by pulling on the string - tightening the abdominal muscles the back is able to flex and the hind legs can step under further resulting in lifted front end and lowered head and neck

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7
Q

The extensors of the spine must be RELAXED to allow stretch and flexion

A

bow and string

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8
Q

Richard Tucker 1964

A

expanded on the bow and string theory

longissimus dorsi - fascicles insert obliquely, down and forward

multifidus - oblique, down and backward

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9
Q

these muscles allow for forward transmission of horizontal forces by compression

A

forward motion - Richard Tucker 1964

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10
Q

vertical transmission of forces through rotary motion (resistance to gravity, balance control)

A

Tucker 1964

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11
Q

demonstrated that the muscles are mirrored to each other and have to act in concert

A

James Rooney 1969

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12
Q

the rider has a direct influence on the muscle groups activated

encouraged neutral balance

pilates idea - balance the work of the abdominal and back muscles to straighten the spine

A

james rooney 1969

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13
Q

strength of riders core versus horses core

A

James Rooney 1969

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14
Q

The creation of upward vertical forces through the spine was coordinated by muscles WITHOUT much movement of the vertebrae

increased stiffness of the muscles

decreased ROM of vertebral units

A

James Rooney

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15
Q

Demonstrated that the abdominal muscles aren’t strong enough to influence the huge back muscles

A

James Rooney

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16
Q

Function of the back muscles is to stabilize the vertebral column

A

Hans Carlson 1976

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17
Q

Rather than increasing ROM, they function to prevent excessive ROM

A

Hans Carlson 1976

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18
Q

confirmed and furthered by Leo Jeffcott in 1980

measured actual ROM of the joints in the vertebral column

A

Hans Carlson 1976

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19
Q

Demonstrated that lateral bending was each vertebrae rotating around each other

A

Jean Marie Denoix 1999

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20
Q

Researched the effect of the lowered neck on mobility of the spine

lowered neck results in stiffening of the lumbar vertebrae

A

Jean Marie Denoix

21
Q

lowered neck creates a stiff back

A

Jean Marie Denoix

22
Q

lumbar stiffness - increased work of the iliopsoas

A

iliopsoas muscle

23
Q

creates the illusion of lumbosacral mobility

increases injury risk - iliopsoas mm damage, lumbosacral damage, SI damage

A

lumbar stiffness

24
Q

transmission of horizontal forces results in

A

increased back mm tension

25
Q

lowering of neck/head increases

A

lumbar tension

26
Q

lateral bending is the result of

A

coordinated rotation of vertebrae

27
Q

absorption of impact (vertical forces) also results in

A

increased back mm tension

28
Q

equine design of potential, elastic, and kinetic energy - by having the majority of mass near the body (no mm distal to hock/carpus)

A

increases ROM

increases elastic potential of ligaments/tendons

elastic potential of rib cage

29
Q

equine design increases stride length without increasing

A

effort

30
Q

hairtie - stretches, holds the force and then contracts back together from stored energy

A

elastic energy

31
Q

assists the horse in overcoming gravity

A

elastic energy

32
Q

the potential energy stored when an object is stretched

A

elastic energy

33
Q

tendons can recoil faster than muscles can contract - allowing for higher jumping

A

elastic

34
Q

when a horse lands, full extension of fetlock - suspensory ligament acts as a cup so when it drops it creates the elastic recoil to not have the horse expend more energy

A

loading

35
Q

___ of horses weight is in the head/neck

A

10%

36
Q

eases teh work of the upper neck muscls

A

nuchal ligament

37
Q

nuchal ligament effore to keep neck in it’s position

___ at the walk

___ at the trot and canter

A

55%

32%-36%

38
Q

goals of the athlete

A

move weight bearing from front to rear

rear has more pushing power

change the rear from braking to pushing

39
Q

travels through the thoracolumbar spine

if the back muscles do not act to absorb this thrust, the front legs are loaded

A

hindleg thrust

40
Q

increase duration of supporting phase

step further under the body

increased duration of deceleration

increased absorption forces on the joitns

A

hindleg thrust

41
Q

the movements of the back directly influence the

A

head and neck position

42
Q

With a high head and neck position, the stride length and extension of the back are

A

significantly reduced

43
Q

downward/upward force is actually what maintains forward movement

A

propulsion

44
Q

why transitions strengthen

A

they require more push

increasing speed requires more push

the rest is downward force pushing up maintaining momentum forward - why impulsion is so important

45
Q

The forelegs produce the greatest percentage of upward vertical forces.

__ of the vertical impulse is produced by the forelegs

__ is produced by the hind legs

A

57%

43%

46
Q

causes of increased back stiffness

A

increased speed

pushing on the bit

rider’s weight

lowered head/neck

47
Q

rider in propulsion adds increased pressure to the

A

extensor muscles

48
Q

breathing changes when under tension

lack of abdominal effort

increased ribcage and diaphragm breathing

A

abdominal muscles

ANIMAL CHIROPRACTIC LECTURE (21 decks)

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