Gait Analysis

Question 1

the common name for the specific way an animal moves (quadraped)

Answer 1

gait

Question 2

mirrored movements on both sides of the animal

walk, trot, pace

Answer 2

symmetrical

Question 3

non mirrored sides

canter, gallop

Answer 3

asymmetrical

Question 4

gaited horses

Answer 4

natural vs. learned

Question 5

quadraped adaptations increased stride length

Answer 5

scapula being on the side of the body

flattened thorax

Question 6

quadraped adaptations joint ranges of motion

Answer 6

shoulder - hinge joint rather than rotational

Question 7

quadraped adaptations

__ is dominant bone

Answer 7

radius

Question 8

radius favors

Answer 8

stability over rotation

Question 9

highly muscular proximal legs and ligamentous/tendonous lower legs

Answer 9

increases reliance on passive mechanics

limb mass stays proximal near center of gravity

Question 10

ground contact in quadrapeds made with hoof or digits rather than

Answer 10

metatarsals/metacarpals

Question 11

flexibility required to catch and mainpulate prey

Answer 11

carnivores

Question 12

carnivores obtain stride length by

Answer 12

trunk flexion and extension - high energy demands

Question 13

ligaments allow standing for long periods - minimize energy expended

Answer 13

herbivores

Question 14

herbivores have mechanical joint linkage

Answer 14

mechanical energy conservation

more efficient locomotion

Question 15

thoracic limbs carry __. of static weight

Answer 15

60%

Question 16

designed to stop the animal and transfer kinetic energy

Answer 16

thoracic limbs

Question 17

catch the momentum of the body

conserve energy

Answer 17

thoracic limbs

Question 18

absorb the impact

store the energy with stretched ligaments

ligaments rebound and expend stored energy to create upward movement

Answer 18

thoracic limbs

Question 19

motor of locomotion

driving forces

osseous articulations vs muscular articulations

thrusting muscles

Answer 19

pelvic limbs

Question 20

thrusting muscles

Answer 20

capable of extension of hip, stifle and hock

saves energy

Question 21

cycle of movement

Answer 21

starts in the hinquarters

swing - impact - support - extension - thrust

Question 22

swing

Answer 22

forward movement of the limb

Question 23

support

Answer 23

weight bearing of the limb

Question 24

extension

Answer 24

creates thrust

Question 25

thrust begins

Answer 25

when leg is vertical and continues until foot breaks gound

Question 26

supports and transfers energy forward

Answer 26

spine

Question 27

spinous mucles tense to increase

Answer 27

speed of locomotion

Question 28

the spine wags to allow the swing of

Answer 28

the hind legs in a walk

Question 29

as the hip rises with extension, the rib cage moves with it to allow

Answer 29

the opposite limb to come forward

Question 30

head and neck cycle with leg movement

Answer 30

head lifts with swing phase drops as the leg extends and thrusts most movement occurs in walk, then canter, least is trot

Question 31

front legs have same cycle as rear legs but the support and impact phases are

Answer 31

more important than the thrust

Question 32

Engagement can create both

Answer 32

collection and extension

Question 33

the degree to which the hind leg reaches under the body

Answer 33

engagement

Question 34

the hock has an increase in the amount of flexion

Answer 34

engagemeent

Question 35

the further the leg reaches, the longer the stride and greater the pushing power

Answer 35

engagement

Question 36

most efficient, least tiring

Answer 36

walk

Question 37

at least 2 feet on the ground at all times usually 3 feet

Answer 37

walk

Question 38

weight bearing

Answer 38

front legs

Question 39

thrust

Answer 39

rear legs

Question 40

front legs slow animal and

Answer 40

absorb shock

Question 41

minimal muscle activity walk

Answer 41

30-40%

Question 42

two beat diagonal gait

Answer 42

trot

Question 43

due to symmetry, most common gait for lameness assessment

Answer 43

trot

Question 44

3 beat gait

Answer 44

canter

Question 45

the canter lead is determined by

Answer 45

which front leg contacts the ground last before the suspension phase

Question 46

suspension phase

Answer 46

no feet contacting the ground

Question 47

horse is cantering with one lead on the front legs and the opposite lead with the back legs

Answer 47

cross canter

Question 48

staying on the left lead when traveling right and vice versa

Answer 48

counter canter

Question 49

changing leads during the suspension phase

Answer 49

flying change

Question 50

4 beat gait

Answer 50

gallop

Question 51

duration of stance phase is significantly decreased increased ROM of all joints - especially spine using elastic energy in both distal limbs and axial structures

Answer 51

gallop

Question 52

same rhythm as the walk, just at a faster pace - not as much swing to the back, head and neck

Answer 52

running walk

Question 53

symmetrical two beat gait lateral pairs rather than diagonal pairs

Answer 53

pacing

Question 54

best tool for pain determination because the vertical forces on the legs are increased two fold

Answer 54

trot

Question 55

supporting leg lameness

Answer 55

pain during weight bearing majority of lamenesses lower limb lamenesses - 80% of the time

Question 56

swinging leg lameness

Answer 56

pain during movement of limb when not weight bearing upper limb lameness neurological problems

Question 57

mildly noticeable at the trot, may need to exacerbate with flexions

Answer 57

grade 1 lameness

Question 58

consistently noticeable at the trot

Answer 58

grade 2 lameness

Question 59

obvious at the trot

Answer 59

grade 3 lameness

Question 60

lame at the walk

Answer 60

grade 4 lameness

Question 61

three legged lame

Answer 61

grade 5 lameness

Question 62

down on sound

Answer 62

horses will compensate for pain by trying to move their weight away from the pain