NEUROLOGY MOD 2

Question 1

The 5 components of the subluxation

Answer 1

spinal kinesiopathology
neuropathophysiology
myopathology
histopathology
pathophysiology

Question 2

abnormal motion or altered bony articulation

Answer 2

spinal kinesiopathology

Question 3

nerve dysfunction like paresthesia or hyperesthesia

Answer 3

neuropathophysiology

Question 4

muscular changes like spasm and atrophy

Answer 4

myopathology

Question 5

cellular dysfunction resulting in tissue chan ges

Answer 5

histopathology

Question 6

functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury

Answer 6

pathophysiology

Question 7

subluxation cascade

Answer 7

subluxation occurs

nerve dysfunction results in increased or decreased sensation, pain

muscles become flaccid or stiff

tissues become inflamed

end organs dysfunction causing a myriad of symptoms

Question 8

3 primary causes of subluxation

Answer 8

trauma
toxin
thought

Question 9

trauma

Answer 9

physical or mechanical insult

Question 10

toxin

Answer 10

external or internal chemical insult or imbalance

Question 11

thought

Answer 11

stress and neurobiology - thought patterns alter body chemistry

Question 12

CNS

Answer 12

brain and spinal cord

Question 13

PNS

Answer 13

extraspinal nerves

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Question 14

somatic nervous system

Answer 14

afferent nerves

efferent nerves

Question 15

afferent nerves carry info

Answer 15

TO the CNS (ex. sensory)

approach

Question 16

efferent nerves carry info

Answer 16

AWAY from the CNS (ex. motor)

exit

Question 17

autonomic nervous system

Answer 17

sympathetic nervous system - fight and flight

parasympathetic nervous system - rest and digest/feed and breed

Question 18

receive signals from other cells

Answer 18

dendrites

Question 19

organizes and keeps the cell functional

Answer 19

cell body

Question 20

protects the cell

Answer 20

cell membrane

Question 21

generates impulse in the neuron

Answer 21

axon hillock

Question 22

allow diffusion of ions

Answer 22

node of ranvier

Question 23

produces the myelin sheath

Answer 23

schwann cell

Question 24

controls the entire neuron

Answer 24

nucleus

Question 25

transfers signals to other cells and organs

Answer 25

axon

Question 26

increases the speed of the signal

Answer 26

myelin sheath

Question 27

forms junctions with other cells

Answer 27

axon terminal

Question 28

mitochondria

Answer 28

laser

Question 29

UMN travel between

Answer 29

the brain and spinal cord

Question 30

LMN travel

Answer 30

from the spinal cord to muscles

Question 31

Multipolar neuron

Answer 31

cell body on one end axon in the middle dendrites on the other end

Question 32

sensory neurons control

Answer 32

sensations and perceptions

Question 33

sensory neurons carry signals

Answer 33

from the muscles, skin, glands TO the CNS

Question 34

unipolar or pseudounipolar neuron with dendrites on both ends, cell body in the middle

Answer 34

sensory neurons

Question 35

interneurons/associative neurons carry info

Answer 35

between motor and sensory neurons

Question 36

interneurons/associative neurons connect

Answer 36

neurons within the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

Question 37

multipolar neuron with dendrites on both ends

Answer 37

interneurons/associative neurons

Question 38

10% of nerves in animals are

Answer 38

feeling

Question 39

spinal nerves are bundles of the following fibers

Answer 39

motor sensory autonomic

Question 40

autonomic functions

Answer 40

heart beating | lungs breathing

Question 41

CANINE AND FELINE nerve pairs

Answer 41

``` 8 cervical 13 thoracic 7 lumbar 3 sacral 5 caudal ``` total 36 pairs

Question 42

EQUINE spinal nerve pairs

Answer 42

``` 8 cervical 18 thoracic 6 lumbar (5 in Arabs and donkeys) 5 sacral 5 caudal ``` 42 total

Question 43

BOVINE spinal nerve pairs

Answer 43

``` 8 cervical 13 thoracic 6 lumbar 5 sacral 5 caudal ``` 37 total

Question 44

PORCINE spinal nerve pairs

Answer 44

``` 8 cervical 13-15 thoracic 6-7 lumbar 4 sacral 5 caudal ``` 36-39 total

Question 45

HUMAN spinal nerve pairs

Answer 45

``` 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal ``` 31 total

Question 46

the sympathetic nerve

Answer 46

carries sensory information from the visceral organs

Question 47

carries sensory information from the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs

Answer 47

the ventral ramus

Question 48

carries sensory information from the skin and skeletal muscles of the back

Answer 48

dorsal ramus

Question 49

carries sensory information to the spinal cord

Answer 49

dorsal root of each spinal nerve

Question 50

a complex which includes an alteration of the biomechanical and physiological dynamics of contiguous structures which can cause neural disturbances

Answer 50

the vertebral subluxation

Question 51

excess blood or blood stasis

Answer 51

hyperemia

Question 52

muscle trigger points, toxin (lactic acid) build up, pain

Answer 52

congestion

Question 53

due to capillary damage

Answer 53

edema

Question 54

normal tissue is replaced with scar tissue

Answer 54

fibrosis

Question 55

lack of blood flow, muscle spasm, pain

Answer 55

local ischemia

Question 56

muscle wasting and weakness

Answer 56

atrophy

Question 57

adhesions form in joint capsules and soft tissues

Answer 57

tissue rigidity

Question 58

In the study of anatomy, the nerve supplying the muscles extending directly across and acting at a given joint not only supplies the muscle, but also innervates the joint and the skin overlying the muscle. Therefore, when subluxation is present, joint dysfunction can result in altered sensation and muscle dysfunction

Answer 58

Hilton’s Law

Question 59

IML

Answer 59

interomedialateral nucleus

Question 60

the primary nucleus of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 60

IML

Question 61

If the cortex is not inhibitng the pontomedullary brainstem which inhibits the IML, ____ occurs, causing one to go from primary parasympathetic function to primary sympathetic function, leading to autonomic disorders

Answer 61

IML escape

Question 62

IML escape can cause increased

Answer 62

release of glucose and cortisol (adrenals)

Question 63

increased release of glucose and cortisol causes a need for

Answer 63

increased B vitamins and other stress-related symptoms/responses

Question 64

Increased sympathetic firing causing parasympathetic deficiency can also lead to

Answer 64

intestinal disorders like GERD, IBS, ulcers, UC, Chrons, leaky gut