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ANIMAL CHIROPRACTIC LECTURE > Small Animal Neurologic Diagnosis > Flashcards

Small Animal Neurologic Diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

The goal of a neurological exam is

A

to understand the functional basis for the nurological disorder

most people only remember about 10% of what you tell them

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2
Q

components of the neurological exam

A

observation

postural reactions

spinal reflexes

sensation - presence, absence or diminished

cranial nerves

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3
Q

observation

A

mentation
behavior
posture
gait

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4
Q

mentation

A
  1. BAR - bright, alert, responsive
  2. QAR - quiet, alert, responsive
  3. QAD - quiet, alert, depressed
  4. dull (depressed)
  5. disoriented (headpressing, dementia)
  6. obtunded (poorly responsive)
  7. stuporous (sleeps all the time)
  8. coma (cannot be aroused)
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5
Q

behavior

A 
friendly, calm, sweet
anxious
nervous, hyperactive
manic
obsessive, compulsive
aggressive
dangerous
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6
Q

posture

A 
legs are an equal distance in the sagittal plane
pelvis is level
pelvis is symmetrical
leg length is equal
optimal alignment
meximal support
full mobility
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7
Q

gait

A

stance phase
swing phase
stride

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8
Q

stance phase

A

the foot is on the ground

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9
Q

swing phase

A

foot is in the air

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10
Q

stride

A

from foot fall to lift off, and back to foot fall

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11
Q

evaluating lameness in dog - watch the head

A

step forward with bad leg - head goes up - opposite in back legs

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12
Q

posturaal reactions

A

postural tone

proprioception
placing
hemistand
hopping
wheelbarrow
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13
Q

postural extensor tone

A

tests ability to resist gravity
safe for largest dogs
place palm under paw - push up - they should resist you
flex the limb, 3 leg stance
lateral pelvis tilt suggests weak gluteal

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14
Q

postural extenstion thrust

A

tests the vestibulospinal pathway

normal animal takes a step forward or back to restore balance

response absent or weak with central vestibular disease

lean dog forward - next response is for dog to step forward

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15
Q

deficient proprioception

A

tendency to bear weight on dorsal aspect of paw

delay in swing phase of gait

excessive flexion, abduction, adduction

postural sway or ataxia

dog on concrete - dog dragging toes - dorsum

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16
Q

proprioception test

A

flip paw onto its dorsal surface, rest it on the ground

allow time to correct the malposition

absence of correction - CP deficit

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17
Q

knuckling is a sign of

A

deficient conscious proprioception

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18
Q

neurologic sign of knuckling - information from limb mechanoreceptors is conveyed in the

A

dorsal column - medial lemniscus

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19
Q

the axons ascend ipsilateral, synapse in the nucleus gracilis, decussate in the ___ synapse in the ___ and disperse in the __

A

medulla
thalamus
cortex

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20
Q

ataxia

A

incoordination

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21
Q

ataxia

A

incoordination

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22
Q

sway while standing or walking

faster gaits may be relatively normal

primarily carried by spinocerebellar tracts

tested by lateral pull on the tail or push on hip - do they correct or fall over

A

ataxia

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23
Q

ataxia is a sign of

A

deficient unconscious proprioception

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24
Q

unconscious proprioception - UCP

A

maintains posture when sitting, standing, and walking

axons travel int he spinocerebellar tracts

processed in the ipsilateral cerebellum

test for postural sway

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25
Q

clinical sign of UCP

A

ataxia

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26
Q

conscious proprioception - CP

A

facilitates complex motor activity (catching a frisbee)

axons travel in the dorsal columns (DCML)

large myelinated fibers

processed in the contralateral cortex

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27
Q

clinical sign of CP

A

knuckling while stanidng or walking

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28
Q

motor function strength

A

palpate for tone, symmetry, and depth

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29
Q

weak muscles are

A

soft or atrophied/flaccid

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30
Q

inhibited muscles have

A

normal mass but are inactive

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31
Q

facilitated muscles have more activity than

A

normal (spasm) from summation of impulses or weak antagonists

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32
Q

motor function spasms

A

hypertonic fibers that spontaneously contract

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33
Q

cause spasm

A 
muscle weakness
joint injury
UMN disease
dehydration
electrolyte imbalances
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34
Q

sign of UMN disease

A

hyper-reflexia

“parents” are not functioning

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35
Q

UMNs originate in the

A

motor cortex

36
Q

UMN axons descend in the

A

corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts

37
Q

UMNs initiate and maintain

A

voluntary movement

38
Q

UMN control the nerve (LMN) that directly control

A

muscular activity

39
Q

UMN tell LMN

A

what to do

40
Q

LMN tell muscles

A

what to do

41
Q

maintain extensor muscle tone, thus supporting the body against gravity - regulate posture

A

UMN

42
Q

UMN helps maintain

A

muscle tone

43
Q

LMN originate from

A

the spinal cord

44
Q

LMN directly innervate

A

muscles and neuroeffector tissues

45
Q

Signs of LMN disease

A

flaccid paresis to paralysis

diminished reflexes

rapid muscle atrophy

loss of sensation in associated dermatome

46
Q

LMN signs indicate a lesion affecting the spinal segments giving rise to

A

the nerve root, peripheral nerve, or the muscle

47
Q

LMN children

A

not playing

48
Q

late, mild muscle atrophy

A

UMN

49
Q

normal to increased tone

A

UMN

50
Q

spastic paresis

A

UMN

51
Q

normal to hyperreflexia

A

UMN

52
Q

decreased proprioception

decreased nociception

A

UMN

53
Q

rapid muscle atrophy

A

LMN

54
Q

faccid paresis to paralysis

A

LMN

55
Q

hyporeflexia

A

LMN

56
Q

loss of sensation in associated dermatome

A

LMN

57
Q

local paresthesia or hyperesthesia

A

LMN

58
Q

most common site for disc injury in dogs

A

T12-L1

hyperreflexia

59
Q

a group of muscles innervated from a single spinal segment

A

myotome

60
Q

femoral nerve myotome

A

L4, 5, 6

L5

61
Q

obturator nerve myotome

A

L4, 5, 6

62
Q

cranial gluteal nerve myotome

A

L6, 7, S1

63
Q

caudal gluteal nerve myotome

A

L7, S1, 2

64
Q

sciatic nerve myotome

A

L6,7,S1, 2

65
Q

pudendal nerve myotome

A

S1, 2, 3

66
Q

Myotomes for the pelvic limbs

A 
femoral nerve
obturator nerve
cranial gluteal nerve
caudal gluteal nerve
sciatic nerve
common peroneal nerve
tibial nerve
pudendal nerve
67
Q

myotome - femoral nerve - L4, L5, L6 (canine)

A

muscles that flex the hip, extend the stifle

iliopsoas, quadriceps, sartorius, iliacus

dogs compensate well for this by using abs to swing them forward

68
Q

myotome - obturator nerve - L4, L5, L6

A

muscles that adduct the thigh

69
Q

myotome - cranial gluteal nerve - L6, L7, S1

A

muscles that abduct the thigh

70
Q

myotome - caudal gluteal nerve - L7, S1, S2

A

muscles that extend the thigh

71
Q

TFL

piriformis

A

cranial gluteal

72
Q

superficial and middle gluteal

A

caudal gluteal

73
Q

myotome - sciatic nerve - L6, L7, S1, S2

A

muscles that flex the stifle and extend the thigh

hamstrings

biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus

74
Q

myotome - peroneal nerve - L6, L7, S1, S2

A

muscles that flex the hock and extend the digits

sciatic nerve

75
Q

myotome - tibial nerve - L6, L7, S1, S2

A

muscles that extend the hock and flex the digits

sciatic nerve

76
Q

myotome - pudendal nerve - S1, S2, S3

A

muscles of the perineum

urethral sphincter, anal sphincter, caudal rectal,

77
Q

urinary incontinence in spayed female

dog gets up and was laying in own urine

A

adjust their sacrum - doesn’t work then go to drugs, proin cucin

78
Q

spinal reflexes

A

tonic neck
cutaneous trunci
patellar
withdrawal

79
Q

muscle under skin - horse flinches skin when fly on them

A

cutaneous trunci

80
Q

tonic neck reflex

A

should stiffen front legs when lifting head and pressing on shoulder blades

81
Q

run hemostat down spinal column both sides - will stop panniculus reflex at segment of disc herniation

A

cutaneous trunci

82
Q

lesionsof the brachial plexus cause a loss of reflex caudal to C-T1

A

cutaneous trunci

83
Q

spinal cord lesions T3-L3 cause a loss of reflex 2 segments caudal and ipsilateral to the lesion

A

cutaneous trunci

gently pinching the skin - always explain what you’re doing

84
Q

patellar reflex

A

patellar ligament/tendon

85
Q

neurological exam - reflex response scale

A 
0 - no reflex - LMN
1 - diminished; hyporeflexia - LMN
2 - brisk, modulated - normal
3 - increased; hyperreflexia - UMN
4 - increased, prolonged; clonus - UMN

ANIMAL CHIROPRACTIC LECTURE (21 decks)

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