stalin (1924-1941) Flashcards

reign of stalin: 1924-1941.

1
Q

When was the Triumvirate and what was it.

A

1922, as an allience between Zinoviev, Stalin Kamenev to block Trotsky.

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2
Q

When did Lenin die.

A

1924.

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3
Q

How does Stalin handle Lenin’s funeral.

A

Gives Trotsky the wrong date so that he himself can carry the casket and deliver the speech.

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4
Q

Lenin’s testament.

A

1924 letter giving the pros and cons of each possible next leader.

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5
Q

How was Stalin depicted in Lenin’s testament.

A

Too rough, difficult with people, rude and in possession of too much power.

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6
Q

When is Trotsky forced from position of Commissar of War.

A

1925.

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7
Q

When are Trotsky’s speeches in Congress blocked by Stalinist blocs.

A

1924.

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8
Q

When are Zinoviev and Trotsky expelled from the Communist Party, with what reasoning.

A

1926 with accusation of factionalism.

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9
Q

When is Kamenev removed from the Politburo, with what reasoning.

A

1926 with accusation of factionalism.

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10
Q

When is Trotsky deported.

A

1928.

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11
Q

When is Bukharin removed as editor of Pravda and the Politburo.

A

1929.

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12
Q

Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev’s ideological stance.

A

Left leaning, advocating abandonment of the NEP.

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13
Q

Bukharin’s ideological position.

A

Supported continuence of the NEP.

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14
Q

Stalins ideological stance during his rise to power.

A

Fluctuated in order to block the biggest potential threat.

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15
Q

When was Congress not being called.

A

1939-1952.

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16
Q

Apparat.

A

Controlled appointments to the nomenklatura.

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17
Q

Who controlled appointments to the apparatus.

A

Stalin.

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18
Q

‘Lenin’s enrolement’.

A

Mass push for membership between 1924-1925, where it doubled to nearly one million.

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19
Q

The New 1936 Constitution.

A
  • Claimed the USSR to be a federation of 11 Soviets.
  • All-Russian Congress of Soviets replaced with the Supreme Soviet.
  • Autonomy to ethnic groups.
  • Promise for a vote every four years.
  • Freedom from arbitrary arrest.
  • Right to free speech.
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20
Q

Who wrote the New 1936 Constitution.

A

Bukharin.

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21
Q

What did Stalin call the New 1936 Constitution.

A
  • “The most democratic in the world”, Stalin.
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22
Q

When did leaders in Georgia plan secession and what was the result.

A

1951, and they were purged.

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23
Q

How often did The Supreme Soviet meet.

A

Twice a year.

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24
Q

When did Stalin begin his cult of personality.

A

1929.

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25
Q

When was ‘The History of the All-Union Communist Party’ published and what did it portray.

A

1938, portraying Stalin as having a major role in the October Revolution, and demaonized Trotsky and other old Bolsheviks.

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26
Q

When was the first Five Year Plan.

A

1928-1932.

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27
Q

Main aims of the first Five Year Plan.

A
  • Increase production by 300%.
  • Develop heavy industry.
  • Increase electrisity output by 600%.
  • Double light industry output.
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28
Q

Results of the first Five Year Plan.

A
  • Stalin claimed aims were met in four years, but due to incorrect reporting.
  • Electrisity output trebled.
  • Coal and Iron output doubled.
  • Steel production increased by 1/3.
  • New railways, engineering plants and power schemes began.
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29
Q

When was the second Five Year Plan.

A

1933-1937.

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30
Q

Aims of the second Five Year Plan.

A
  • Develop heavy industry.
  • Emphasis on light industry.
  • Develop communications.
  • Boost engineering.
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31
Q

Results of the second Five Year Plan.

A
  • 1934-36 were named the ‘three good years’.
  • Moscow Metro opened.
  • Electrisity and chemical industries grew.
  • New materials were being mined.
  • Steel output trebled.
  • Coal production doubled.
  • Soviet Union became self sufficient in metal goods and machine tools.
  • In 1936, emphasis was moved onto rearmament.
  • Oil production did not meet targets.
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32
Q

When was the Third Five Year plan.

A

1938-1940.

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33
Q

Aims of the third Five Year Plan.

A
  • Focus on heavy industry and rearmament.
  • Complete transition to communism.
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34
Q

Results of the third Five Year Plan.

A
  • Spending on rearmament doubled between 1938-1940.
  • Resources were concentrated in military-related industries.
  • Consumer goods was neglected.
  • Lack of specialists and managers, so inefficient industries.
  • Plan cut early.
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35
Q

When was the German invasion.

A

1941.

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36
Q

Stalins ‘Great Turn’.

A

Movement towards more collective farming.

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37
Q

When was Stage 1 of Stalins Collectivisation.

A

1929-1930.

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38
Q

What was Stage 1 of Collectivisation.

A
  • Dekulakisation.
  • Kolkhoz collectives began.
  • 25% of farms meant to be collectivised.
  • Collectivisation was resisted.
  • Voluntary collectivisation permitted.
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39
Q

Results of dekulakisation.

A
  • 15% of peasant households destroyed.
  • 150,000 peasants forcibly emigrated.
  • loss of 10 million succsessful farmers.
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40
Q

How much farm land had been collectivised through force.

A

58%.

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41
Q

How much farm land was collectivised after it was made voluntary, by the end of 1930.

A

20% of households.

42
Q

When was Stage 2 of collectivisation.

A

1930-1941.

43
Q

What was Stage 2 of collectivisation.

A
  • 2500 machine tractor stations used to follow up quotas and handle trouble.
  • Approached slowly.
  • Dekulakisaition.
  • Livestock was destroyed.
  • Many peasants had to hand over all grain.
  • Internal passports used.
  • Private plots allowed for private market selling.
44
Q

When was the ‘longest famine in Russian history’.

A

1932-1933.

45
Q

Agricultural law passed in 1932.

A

Those who stole from collective farms could be jailed for 10 years.

46
Q

‘Socialist man’.

A

Ideal man promoted in propaganda.

47
Q

Improvements made in 1931 to workers working conditions.

A
  • Wage differentials.
  • Bonuses.
  • Payment by piece.
  • Oppertunities for better housing.
48
Q

Stakhanovite movement.

A

Propaganda movement encouraging competition and high-ambition within workers.

49
Q

Measures implemented after 1936 to amend population decline.

A
  • Large fees on divorce.
  • Criminalization of adultery.
  • Banning of contraception.
  • Financial incentives for large families.
50
Q

How did number of female industrial workers raise from 1928 to 1940.

A

3 million to 13 million.

51
Q

How did number of women in education change in the 30s.

A

Doubled.

52
Q

What did schools become the responsibility of.

A

Collective farms or town factories, and universities of the veshenka.

53
Q

What happened to general education.

A

Physical work became more common and teaching became more formal.

54
Q

What happened to school quota systems after 1935.

A

The quota allowing high numbers of working class children in was abolished and all students were now selected.

55
Q

What happened to teachers.

A
  • Had to promote nationalism and marxism.
  • If they failed to reach high targets they were purged.
  • Teachers were watched and threatened with arrest.
56
Q

Literacy rates by 1941.

A

94% of town population and 86% of countryside population.

57
Q

What happened to the komosol after 1939.

A

Directly affiliated with the Party, so helped in campaigns and assisting the Red Army.

58
Q

What happened to worship in 1929.

A

Restricted to registered congregations and seven day work week introduced (preventing mass).

59
Q

The 1936 Constitution impact on religion.

A

Criminalised publication of religious propaganda but preists regained voting rights.

60
Q

Results of 1937 survey of believers.

A

57% of population were still believers.

61
Q

When were Jews given a national homeland.

A

1926.

62
Q

When was Russian language made compulsory in all schools and the Red Army.

A

1938.

63
Q

Who did Stalin begin deporting in 1938.

A

Finns, Poles and Koreans.

64
Q

What was the official stance on anti-semitism.

A

Was against racial discrimmination and promoted inter-marriage for assmilation.

65
Q

Legislation aimed at creative individuals in 1932.

A

Writers had to be part of a Union of Soviet Writers.

66
Q

What art style was demanded of creatives.

A

Socialist realism.

67
Q

When and what were the Shakhty show trials.

A

1928, when a number of coal miners were accused of countery revolutionary activity and so forcibly confessed and then imprisoned or executed.

68
Q

What did the Shakty show trials give way for.

A

‘Industrial terror’ causing mass unemployment among the bourgeoises specialists.

69
Q

When was the Industrial show trial and the Metro-Vickers trial.

A

1930 and 1933.

70
Q

When was Yagoda employed and what for.

A

1929 to investigate how to put prison populations to use.

71
Q

What was Yagoda’s advise to putting prisoners to better use.

A

Expand on Lenin’s camps in Siberia and the north where there was areas dense with raw material which could contribute to the economy.

72
Q

When did Nadezdha commit suicide and what was in her letter.

A

1932 with the note criticising Stalins political policy and sympathizing with his enemies.

73
Q

When was Bukharin re-elected into the Central Committee.

A

1930.

74
Q

Which two opposition groups emerged during 1932.

A
  • The Ryutin Platform.
  • The ‘Old Bolsheviks’.
75
Q

What was the Ryutin Platform and what happened to them.

A
  • Opposition group, who sent an appeal to the Central Committee urging Stalin’s dismissal.
  • Were arrested, along with Zinoviev and Kamenev for knowledge of the circle.
76
Q

Who were the ‘old Bolshevik’s and what happened to them.

A
  • Informal circle led by Smirnov to dicuss removal of Stalin and different ideaological positions.
  • Were arrested and expelled from the Party.
77
Q

When was Stalins general Purge of the Party announced.

A

1933.

78
Q

How much of the Party was labelled Ryutinites and purged in 1933.

A

18%.

79
Q

What did Stalin announce at the 17th Party Congress.

A

That all ‘anti-Leninist’ opposition had been removed.

80
Q

When was the 17th Party Congress.

A

1934.

81
Q

How many negative votes did Stalin recieve in the 1934 election.

A

150.

82
Q

What was Kirov’s speech at he 17ths Party Congress about.

A

The ending of grain requisitoning and increasing of workers rations.

83
Q

Who shared the Secretary of Equal Rank title after 1934.

A

Stalin, Kirov, Zdhanov and Kaganovich.

84
Q

When was Kirov murdered and what was it blamed on.

A

1934, due to ‘Trotskyite conspiracy’.

85
Q

What decree was passed the day after Kirov’s murder and what was its result.

A

A decree permitting Yagoda powers to arrest and execute anyone guilty of terrorist plotting. Around 6500 were arreseted within a month,

86
Q

Who were arrested in 1935 for what.

A

Zinoviev, Kamanev and over 800 of Zinoviev’s former associates for instigating terrorism.

87
Q

How many were expelled from the Party as ‘anti-Leninist’ in 1935.

A

250,000.

88
Q

When was the show trial of Zinoviev and Kamenev, resulting in their execution.

A

1936.

89
Q

Who replaced Yagoda as head of the NKVD in 1936.

A

Yezhov.

90
Q

When was Bukharin put on trial for knowledge in conspiracy against Stalin, then arrested adn imprisoned.

A

1937.

91
Q

How many senior military commanders were arrested, forced to sign confessions and shot in 1937.

A

8.

92
Q

What did further purge of the military result in execution of.

A

512.

93
Q

How many Bolsheviks were interrogated and shot in 1938 for conspiracy in Trotsky-Zinoviev terrorist organisations.

A

21, including Bukharin.

94
Q

When did the Great Purge merge with the Yezhovshchina.

A

1937.

95
Q

When was Yezhov replaced with Beria.

A

1938.

96
Q

What did the Politburo issue in 1937.

A

A resolution condemning ‘anti-Soviet elements’ in society, with an arrest list of 250,000 and quota systems for each region of expected oppositionists.

97
Q

How much of the Central Comittee had been purged by 1941.

A

70%.

98
Q

What was happening to national republic leaders by 1941.

A

Arrested for treason and removed.

99
Q

How many national minorities had been put on trial by 1941.

A

350,000.

100
Q

How many of the officer corps in all services had been tried or killed by 1941.

A

50%.

101
Q

How many of the NKVD had been tried by 1941.

A

23,000.

102
Q

How many of the total victims of the Great Purge had been kulaks.

A

Over half.