stalin (1924-1941) Flashcards
reign of stalin: 1924-1941.
When was the Triumvirate and what was it.
1922, as an allience between Zinoviev, Stalin Kamenev to block Trotsky.
When did Lenin die.
1924.
How does Stalin handle Lenin’s funeral.
Gives Trotsky the wrong date so that he himself can carry the casket and deliver the speech.
Lenin’s testament.
1924 letter giving the pros and cons of each possible next leader.
How was Stalin depicted in Lenin’s testament.
Too rough, difficult with people, rude and in possession of too much power.
When is Trotsky forced from position of Commissar of War.
1925.
When are Trotsky’s speeches in Congress blocked by Stalinist blocs.
1924.
When are Zinoviev and Trotsky expelled from the Communist Party, with what reasoning.
1926 with accusation of factionalism.
When is Kamenev removed from the Politburo, with what reasoning.
1926 with accusation of factionalism.
When is Trotsky deported.
1928.
When is Bukharin removed as editor of Pravda and the Politburo.
1929.
Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev’s ideological stance.
Left leaning, advocating abandonment of the NEP.
Bukharin’s ideological position.
Supported continuence of the NEP.
Stalins ideological stance during his rise to power.
Fluctuated in order to block the biggest potential threat.
When was Congress not being called.
1939-1952.
Apparat.
Controlled appointments to the nomenklatura.
Who controlled appointments to the apparatus.
Stalin.
‘Lenin’s enrolement’.
Mass push for membership between 1924-1925, where it doubled to nearly one million.
The New 1936 Constitution.
- Claimed the USSR to be a federation of 11 Soviets.
- All-Russian Congress of Soviets replaced with the Supreme Soviet.
- Autonomy to ethnic groups.
- Promise for a vote every four years.
- Freedom from arbitrary arrest.
- Right to free speech.
Who wrote the New 1936 Constitution.
Bukharin.
What did Stalin call the New 1936 Constitution.
- “The most democratic in the world”, Stalin.
When did leaders in Georgia plan secession and what was the result.
1951, and they were purged.
How often did The Supreme Soviet meet.
Twice a year.
When did Stalin begin his cult of personality.
1929.
When was ‘The History of the All-Union Communist Party’ published and what did it portray.
1938, portraying Stalin as having a major role in the October Revolution, and demaonized Trotsky and other old Bolsheviks.
When was the first Five Year Plan.
1928-1932.
Main aims of the first Five Year Plan.
- Increase production by 300%.
- Develop heavy industry.
- Increase electrisity output by 600%.
- Double light industry output.
Results of the first Five Year Plan.
- Stalin claimed aims were met in four years, but due to incorrect reporting.
- Electrisity output trebled.
- Coal and Iron output doubled.
- Steel production increased by 1/3.
- New railways, engineering plants and power schemes began.
When was the second Five Year Plan.
1933-1937.
Aims of the second Five Year Plan.
- Develop heavy industry.
- Emphasis on light industry.
- Develop communications.
- Boost engineering.
Results of the second Five Year Plan.
- 1934-36 were named the ‘three good years’.
- Moscow Metro opened.
- Electrisity and chemical industries grew.
- New materials were being mined.
- Steel output trebled.
- Coal production doubled.
- Soviet Union became self sufficient in metal goods and machine tools.
- In 1936, emphasis was moved onto rearmament.
- Oil production did not meet targets.
When was the Third Five Year plan.
1938-1940.
Aims of the third Five Year Plan.
- Focus on heavy industry and rearmament.
- Complete transition to communism.
Results of the third Five Year Plan.
- Spending on rearmament doubled between 1938-1940.
- Resources were concentrated in military-related industries.
- Consumer goods was neglected.
- Lack of specialists and managers, so inefficient industries.
- Plan cut early.
When was the German invasion.
1941.
Stalins ‘Great Turn’.
Movement towards more collective farming.
When was Stage 1 of Stalins Collectivisation.
1929-1930.
What was Stage 1 of Collectivisation.
- Dekulakisation.
- Kolkhoz collectives began.
- 25% of farms meant to be collectivised.
- Collectivisation was resisted.
- Voluntary collectivisation permitted.
Results of dekulakisation.
- 15% of peasant households destroyed.
- 150,000 peasants forcibly emigrated.
- loss of 10 million succsessful farmers.
How much farm land had been collectivised through force.
58%.
How much farm land was collectivised after it was made voluntary, by the end of 1930.
20% of households.
When was Stage 2 of collectivisation.
1930-1941.
What was Stage 2 of collectivisation.
- 2500 machine tractor stations used to follow up quotas and handle trouble.
- Approached slowly.
- Dekulakisaition.
- Livestock was destroyed.
- Many peasants had to hand over all grain.
- Internal passports used.
- Private plots allowed for private market selling.
When was the ‘longest famine in Russian history’.
1932-1933.
Agricultural law passed in 1932.
Those who stole from collective farms could be jailed for 10 years.
‘Socialist man’.
Ideal man promoted in propaganda.
Improvements made in 1931 to workers working conditions.
- Wage differentials.
- Bonuses.
- Payment by piece.
- Oppertunities for better housing.
Stakhanovite movement.
Propaganda movement encouraging competition and high-ambition within workers.
Measures implemented after 1936 to amend population decline.
- Large fees on divorce.
- Criminalization of adultery.
- Banning of contraception.
- Financial incentives for large families.
How did number of female industrial workers raise from 1928 to 1940.
3 million to 13 million.
How did number of women in education change in the 30s.
Doubled.
What did schools become the responsibility of.
Collective farms or town factories, and universities of the veshenka.
What happened to general education.
Physical work became more common and teaching became more formal.
What happened to school quota systems after 1935.
The quota allowing high numbers of working class children in was abolished and all students were now selected.
What happened to teachers.
- Had to promote nationalism and marxism.
- If they failed to reach high targets they were purged.
- Teachers were watched and threatened with arrest.
Literacy rates by 1941.
94% of town population and 86% of countryside population.
What happened to the komosol after 1939.
Directly affiliated with the Party, so helped in campaigns and assisting the Red Army.
What happened to worship in 1929.
Restricted to registered congregations and seven day work week introduced (preventing mass).
The 1936 Constitution impact on religion.
Criminalised publication of religious propaganda but preists regained voting rights.
Results of 1937 survey of believers.
57% of population were still believers.
When were Jews given a national homeland.
1926.
When was Russian language made compulsory in all schools and the Red Army.
1938.
Who did Stalin begin deporting in 1938.
Finns, Poles and Koreans.
What was the official stance on anti-semitism.
Was against racial discrimmination and promoted inter-marriage for assmilation.
Legislation aimed at creative individuals in 1932.
Writers had to be part of a Union of Soviet Writers.
What art style was demanded of creatives.
Socialist realism.
When and what were the Shakhty show trials.
1928, when a number of coal miners were accused of countery revolutionary activity and so forcibly confessed and then imprisoned or executed.
What did the Shakty show trials give way for.
‘Industrial terror’ causing mass unemployment among the bourgeoises specialists.
When was the Industrial show trial and the Metro-Vickers trial.
1930 and 1933.
When was Yagoda employed and what for.
1929 to investigate how to put prison populations to use.
What was Yagoda’s advise to putting prisoners to better use.
Expand on Lenin’s camps in Siberia and the north where there was areas dense with raw material which could contribute to the economy.
When did Nadezdha commit suicide and what was in her letter.
1932 with the note criticising Stalins political policy and sympathizing with his enemies.
When was Bukharin re-elected into the Central Committee.
1930.
Which two opposition groups emerged during 1932.
- The Ryutin Platform.
- The ‘Old Bolsheviks’.
What was the Ryutin Platform and what happened to them.
- Opposition group, who sent an appeal to the Central Committee urging Stalin’s dismissal.
- Were arrested, along with Zinoviev and Kamenev for knowledge of the circle.
Who were the ‘old Bolshevik’s and what happened to them.
- Informal circle led by Smirnov to dicuss removal of Stalin and different ideaological positions.
- Were arrested and expelled from the Party.
When was Stalins general Purge of the Party announced.
1933.
How much of the Party was labelled Ryutinites and purged in 1933.
18%.
What did Stalin announce at the 17th Party Congress.
That all ‘anti-Leninist’ opposition had been removed.
When was the 17th Party Congress.
1934.
How many negative votes did Stalin recieve in the 1934 election.
150.
What was Kirov’s speech at he 17ths Party Congress about.
The ending of grain requisitoning and increasing of workers rations.
Who shared the Secretary of Equal Rank title after 1934.
Stalin, Kirov, Zdhanov and Kaganovich.
When was Kirov murdered and what was it blamed on.
1934, due to ‘Trotskyite conspiracy’.
What decree was passed the day after Kirov’s murder and what was its result.
A decree permitting Yagoda powers to arrest and execute anyone guilty of terrorist plotting. Around 6500 were arreseted within a month,
Who were arrested in 1935 for what.
Zinoviev, Kamanev and over 800 of Zinoviev’s former associates for instigating terrorism.
How many were expelled from the Party as ‘anti-Leninist’ in 1935.
250,000.
When was the show trial of Zinoviev and Kamenev, resulting in their execution.
1936.
Who replaced Yagoda as head of the NKVD in 1936.
Yezhov.
When was Bukharin put on trial for knowledge in conspiracy against Stalin, then arrested adn imprisoned.
1937.
How many senior military commanders were arrested, forced to sign confessions and shot in 1937.
8.
What did further purge of the military result in execution of.
512.
How many Bolsheviks were interrogated and shot in 1938 for conspiracy in Trotsky-Zinoviev terrorist organisations.
21, including Bukharin.
When did the Great Purge merge with the Yezhovshchina.
1937.
When was Yezhov replaced with Beria.
1938.
What did the Politburo issue in 1937.
A resolution condemning ‘anti-Soviet elements’ in society, with an arrest list of 250,000 and quota systems for each region of expected oppositionists.
How much of the Central Comittee had been purged by 1941.
70%.
What was happening to national republic leaders by 1941.
Arrested for treason and removed.
How many national minorities had been put on trial by 1941.
350,000.
How many of the officer corps in all services had been tried or killed by 1941.
50%.
How many of the NKVD had been tried by 1941.
23,000.
How many of the total victims of the Great Purge had been kulaks.
Over half.
