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russian history > nicholas II (1894-1917) > Flashcards

nicholas II (1894-1917) Flashcards

the reign of nicholas II: 1894-1917.

1
Q

The 1901 student demonstration in St Petersburg results.

A

Cossacks deployed causing death of 13 and imprisonment of 1500.

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2
Q

Peak period of arson in rural community uprisings.

A

1902-1907.

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3
Q

When and who created the Assembly of St Petersburg Factory Workers, for what purpose.

A

In 1904, by Father Georgi Gapon, as a tsar-approved union aiming t handle complaints of workers to prevent resorting to violence.

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4
Q

When was Port Arthur attacked by the Japanese.

A

1904.

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5
Q

When did Nicholas II agree to expansion of zemstvo powers.

A

1904.

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6
Q

What happened on the 9th Janurary 1905.

A

Father Gapon led a peaceful march to the Winter Palace with a petition to Tsar Nicholas II requesting for reform, to which 12,000 troops were deployed.

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7
Q

What convinced Nicholas II in 1905 to meet with the workers representatives and what came out of it.

A

The assassination of his uncle and it resulted in him advising the workers to return to work.

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8
Q

The October Manifesto (1905).

A
  • Civic freedom.
  • Establish a state duma.
  • Duma has powers to approve laws.
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9
Q

What was the duma made up of and how were they put in.

A
  • Lower chamber, indirect voting.
  • Upper chamber, half zemstva and half tsar-appointed.
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10
Q

Fundamental Laws.

A

Tsars terms claiming his right to:
- Veto legislation.
- Rule by decree in emergency.
- Appoint and dismiss government ministers.
- Dissolve the duma.
- Command military and declare war.
- Overturn verdicts.
- Control the orthodox church.

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11
Q

Main political parties involved in the duma elections.

A
  • Social Democrats.
  • Socialist Revolutionaries.
  • Trudoviks.
  • Kadets.
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12
Q

The First Duma.

A
  • Boycotted by Bolsheviks.
  • Critical of the Tsar.
  • Passed the ‘address to the throne’.
  • Passed a vote of no confidence in the government.
  • Dissolved.
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13
Q

The First Duma’s “address to the throne”.

A
  • Abolition of the state Council.
  • Transferal of ministerial powers to the duma.
  • Seizure of gentry lands.
  • Abolition of death penalty.
  • Reform of civil service.
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14
Q

The Second Duma.

A
  • More extreme and leftist.
  • Stolypin rumoured it had plots to kill the Tsar.
  • Some delegates were exiled.
  • Election process changed for more power in gentry votes.
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15
Q

The Third Duma.

A
  • Tsarist supporters.
  • Disputed over naval staff, education and local government reforms.
  • Suspended twice so Tsar could force legislation.
  • Dissolved in 1912.
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16
Q

The Fourth Duma.

A
  • Ignored by Prime Minister.
  • Very divided.
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17
Q

Annual growth rate between 1894-1913.

A

Over 8% annum.

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18
Q

Improvement under Witte until 1903.

A
  • Railway trackage doubled.
  • Coal output improving.
  • Foreign investment rising.
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19
Q

When was the new rouble introduced.

A

1897.

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20
Q

How much of the Russian railway did the state control by the 1900s.

A

70%.

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21
Q

By when did Russia have the second largest railway.

A

1913.

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22
Q

How much of Russias income was from industrial investments between 1903-1913.

A

25%.

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23
Q

What was Russia’s global industrial status by 1912.

A

Largest coal, pig iron and steel producer.

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24
Q

How much more farming output was Britan producing than Russia.

A

4x per the same amount of land.

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25
Q

Stoypin’s agricultural legislation passed in 1906.

A

Peasants have equal rights in administration and allowing peasants to consolidate scattered strips of land into one compact.

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26
Q

What happened to communes which weren’t redistributed in 1910.

A

Dissolved.

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27
Q

Grain production between 1900 and 1914.

A

Rose from 56m tonnes to 90m tonnes.

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28
Q

By 1909 what agricultural industry was Russia leading in.

A

Cereal exporting.

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29
Q

What did Siberia specialise in producing.

A

Dairy and cereal.

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30
Q

By 1914, what was the response of many peasants to Stolypin’s reforms.

A

Resisted them in favour of conservative, traditional methods promoted by the mir.

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31
Q

How many factory workers in Russia by 1913.

A

6 million.

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32
Q

In 1900, what was the state of 40% of houses.

A

No sewage system or running water.

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33
Q

How many deaths between 1908-1909 by cholera.

A

30,000.

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34
Q

When was workers legislation being passed.

A

1885-1912.

35
Q

1897 workers decree.

A

Reducing work hours to 11.5 hours.

36
Q

1912 workers decree.

A

Sickness and accident insurance.

37
Q

How much rise in primary education by 1914.

A

85%.

38
Q

How many children in fulltime education by 1914.

A

55%.

39
Q

When and what was the Lena Goldfields.

A

Strikes in 1912 in Siberia where deployed troops caused 270 deaths and 250 injuries.

40
Q

How much nobility land was given to peasants between 1861-1905.

A

1/3.

41
Q

When did the first All Russian Congress of Women take place.

A

1908.

42
Q

When were censorship controls more relaxed.

A

1905.

43
Q

When did the Tsar decide to go to war.

A

1914.

44
Q

When did the zemstva petition for an advisory board and what was the response.

A

In 1895, which was dismissed.

45
Q

Beseda Symposium.

A

Set up in 1899 as an underground forum for critical discussion and distrubution for literature.

46
Q

When was the Socialist Revolutionaries formed.

A

1901.

47
Q

How many assassinations did the Socialist Revolutionaries carry out between 1901-1905.

A

2000.

48
Q

When was Minister Stolypin assassinated by The Socialist Revolutionaries.

A

1911.

49
Q

What was the main political philosophical idea embraced by opposition.

A

Agrarian socialism, with marxist influences.

50
Q

When did the Social Democratic Workers Party emerge.

A

1898.

51
Q

Difference between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.

A
  • Bolsheviks believed in organised leaders directing the working class.
  • Mensheviks believed in a revolution led by the majority/people.
52
Q

How many trade unions were closed down following 1905.

A

497.

53
Q

When did economic depression hit.

A

1907-1911.

54
Q

How many enterpreises experienced strike after 1912.

A

12%.

55
Q

When was Pravda launched.

A

1912.

56
Q

What was the immediate defeat of the Russians, where and with how many casulties.

A

Battle of Tannenberg, with 300,000 deaths.

57
Q

What was the role of the Union of Zemstva during the WW1.

A

Providing medical care.

58
Q

What was the Congress of Representatives.

A

Union of factory owners aiming to coordinate production more efficently during wartime.

59
Q

What was Zemgor.

A

Combination of zemstvas and dumas intended to help war efforts but without direct influence on the government.

60
Q

What was the Progressive Bloc.

A

Combination of members of the fourth duma and the Congress of Representatives that put pressure on the Tsar to change ministers.

61
Q

When did Nicholas II take role of Commander-in-Chief.

A

1915.

62
Q

What did Nicholas II’s military role result in.

A

Increased criticism.

63
Q

What was a main reason for the suspicion of Rasputin meddling in government.

A

Constant minister changes.

64
Q

Who murdered Rasputin and when.

A

Prince Yusupov in 1916.

65
Q

How many men mobilised in WW1.

A

15 million.

66
Q

When was the Brusilov Offensive.

A

1916.

67
Q

How was artillery limited by 1915.

A

Common for soldiers to be limited to 2 or 3 shells per day.

68
Q

How many desertions was there by 1916.

A

1.5 million.

69
Q

How much was spent on the war in 1914 to 1918.

A

1500 to 14,500.

70
Q

What happened to non-military factories and what did this cause.

A

They were shut down, increasing unemployment.

71
Q

What happened on 1917 bloody sunday.

A

150,000 Petrograd workers protested.

72
Q

Order no.1.

A

Sent by the Petrograd Soviet to outline soldier rights:
- Election of a deputy to the soviet.
- Weaponry controlled by elected soldier committees.
- No honorific titles for officers.

73
Q

When did Nicholas II resign.

A

March 1917.

74
Q

Who refused Tsar position after Nicholas II.

A

Grand Duke Mikhail.

75
Q

Provisional Government.

A

Elites, mainly moderate socialists, liberals and Kadets led by Prince Lvov, intended as a temporary government to hold elections for a Constituent Assembly.

76
Q

Petrograd Soviet.

A

Formed by Mensheviks, SRs, workers, soldiers and peasants, elected by the Petrograd soviets.

77
Q

Who was a member of both the Petrograd Soviet and the Provisional Government.

A

Alexander Kerensky.

78
Q

What promises were made by The Provisional Government.

A
  • Amnesty for political prisoners.
  • Civil liberties.
  • Abolition of legal restrictions based on class, religion or nationality.
  • Right to trade union strikes.
  • Freedom of religion.
  • More authority to zemstvas.
79
Q

Why did the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet clash.

A
  • PG aimed to restore order and continue the war.
  • PS encouraged defiance of authority and end the war.
80
Q

What did roles did Kerensky take in Cabinet.

A

Minister of War and Chairman.

81
Q

The July Days.

A

Number of protests in 1917 believed to be organised by the Bolsheviks.

82
Q

Kerensky’s response to The July Days.

A
  • Send General Kornilov and six regiments to Petrograd for a military dictatorship.
  • Released imprisoned Bolsheviks, provided them weaponry and cut Kornilov’s coups supply lines.
83
Q

Why did the Provisional Government start to fail.

A
  • Broke prior promises.
  • Land was not redistributed, so peasants siezed lands themselves.
  • Factory committee meetings were banned.
  • War persisted.
  • Rumoured they were delaying the election to preserve its own power.

russian history (6 decks)

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