nicholas II (1894-1917) Flashcards
the reign of nicholas II: 1894-1917.
The 1901 student demonstration in St Petersburg results.
Cossacks deployed causing death of 13 and imprisonment of 1500.
Peak period of arson in rural community uprisings.
1902-1907.
When and who created the Assembly of St Petersburg Factory Workers, for what purpose.
In 1904, by Father Georgi Gapon, as a tsar-approved union aiming t handle complaints of workers to prevent resorting to violence.
When was Port Arthur attacked by the Japanese.
1904.
When did Nicholas II agree to expansion of zemstvo powers.
1904.
What happened on the 9th Janurary 1905.
Father Gapon led a peaceful march to the Winter Palace with a petition to Tsar Nicholas II requesting for reform, to which 12,000 troops were deployed.
What convinced Nicholas II in 1905 to meet with the workers representatives and what came out of it.
The assassination of his uncle and it resulted in him advising the workers to return to work.
The October Manifesto (1905).
- Civic freedom.
- Establish a state duma.
- Duma has powers to approve laws.
What was the duma made up of and how were they put in.
- Lower chamber, indirect voting.
- Upper chamber, half zemstva and half tsar-appointed.
Fundamental Laws.
Tsars terms claiming his right to:
- Veto legislation.
- Rule by decree in emergency.
- Appoint and dismiss government ministers.
- Dissolve the duma.
- Command military and declare war.
- Overturn verdicts.
- Control the orthodox church.
Main political parties involved in the duma elections.
- Social Democrats.
- Socialist Revolutionaries.
- Trudoviks.
- Kadets.
The First Duma.
- Boycotted by Bolsheviks.
- Critical of the Tsar.
- Passed the ‘address to the throne’.
- Passed a vote of no confidence in the government.
- Dissolved.
The First Duma’s “address to the throne”.
- Abolition of the state Council.
- Transferal of ministerial powers to the duma.
- Seizure of gentry lands.
- Abolition of death penalty.
- Reform of civil service.
The Second Duma.
- More extreme and leftist.
- Stolypin rumoured it had plots to kill the Tsar.
- Some delegates were exiled.
- Election process changed for more power in gentry votes.
The Third Duma.
- Tsarist supporters.
- Disputed over naval staff, education and local government reforms.
- Suspended twice so Tsar could force legislation.
- Dissolved in 1912.
The Fourth Duma.
- Ignored by Prime Minister.
- Very divided.
Annual growth rate between 1894-1913.
Over 8% annum.
Improvement under Witte until 1903.
- Railway trackage doubled.
- Coal output improving.
- Foreign investment rising.
When was the new rouble introduced.
1897.
How much of the Russian railway did the state control by the 1900s.
70%.
By when did Russia have the second largest railway.
1913.
How much of Russias income was from industrial investments between 1903-1913.
25%.
What was Russia’s global industrial status by 1912.
Largest coal, pig iron and steel producer.
How much more farming output was Britan producing than Russia.
4x per the same amount of land.
Stoypin’s agricultural legislation passed in 1906.
Peasants have equal rights in administration and allowing peasants to consolidate scattered strips of land into one compact.
What happened to communes which weren’t redistributed in 1910.
Dissolved.
Grain production between 1900 and 1914.
Rose from 56m tonnes to 90m tonnes.
By 1909 what agricultural industry was Russia leading in.
Cereal exporting.
What did Siberia specialise in producing.
Dairy and cereal.
By 1914, what was the response of many peasants to Stolypin’s reforms.
Resisted them in favour of conservative, traditional methods promoted by the mir.
How many factory workers in Russia by 1913.
6 million.
In 1900, what was the state of 40% of houses.
No sewage system or running water.
How many deaths between 1908-1909 by cholera.
30,000.
When was workers legislation being passed.
1885-1912.
1897 workers decree.
Reducing work hours to 11.5 hours.
1912 workers decree.
Sickness and accident insurance.
How much rise in primary education by 1914.
85%.
How many children in fulltime education by 1914.
55%.
When and what was the Lena Goldfields.
Strikes in 1912 in Siberia where deployed troops caused 270 deaths and 250 injuries.
How much nobility land was given to peasants between 1861-1905.
1/3.
When did the first All Russian Congress of Women take place.
1908.
When were censorship controls more relaxed.
1905.
When did the Tsar decide to go to war.
1914.
When did the zemstva petition for an advisory board and what was the response.
In 1895, which was dismissed.
Beseda Symposium.
Set up in 1899 as an underground forum for critical discussion and distrubution for literature.
When was the Socialist Revolutionaries formed.
1901.
How many assassinations did the Socialist Revolutionaries carry out between 1901-1905.
2000.
When was Minister Stolypin assassinated by The Socialist Revolutionaries.
1911.
What was the main political philosophical idea embraced by opposition.
Agrarian socialism, with marxist influences.
When did the Social Democratic Workers Party emerge.
1898.
Difference between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
- Bolsheviks believed in organised leaders directing the working class.
- Mensheviks believed in a revolution led by the majority/people.
How many trade unions were closed down following 1905.
497.
When did economic depression hit.
1907-1911.
How many enterpreises experienced strike after 1912.
12%.
When was Pravda launched.
1912.
What was the immediate defeat of the Russians, where and with how many casulties.
Battle of Tannenberg, with 300,000 deaths.
What was the role of the Union of Zemstva during the WW1.
Providing medical care.
What was the Congress of Representatives.
Union of factory owners aiming to coordinate production more efficently during wartime.
What was Zemgor.
Combination of zemstvas and dumas intended to help war efforts but without direct influence on the government.
What was the Progressive Bloc.
Combination of members of the fourth duma and the Congress of Representatives that put pressure on the Tsar to change ministers.
When did Nicholas II take role of Commander-in-Chief.
1915.
What did Nicholas II’s military role result in.
Increased criticism.
What was a main reason for the suspicion of Rasputin meddling in government.
Constant minister changes.
Who murdered Rasputin and when.
Prince Yusupov in 1916.
How many men mobilised in WW1.
15 million.
When was the Brusilov Offensive.
1916.
How was artillery limited by 1915.
Common for soldiers to be limited to 2 or 3 shells per day.
How many desertions was there by 1916.
1.5 million.
How much was spent on the war in 1914 to 1918.
1500 to 14,500.
What happened to non-military factories and what did this cause.
They were shut down, increasing unemployment.
What happened on 1917 bloody sunday.
150,000 Petrograd workers protested.
Order no.1.
Sent by the Petrograd Soviet to outline soldier rights:
- Election of a deputy to the soviet.
- Weaponry controlled by elected soldier committees.
- No honorific titles for officers.
When did Nicholas II resign.
March 1917.
Who refused Tsar position after Nicholas II.
Grand Duke Mikhail.
Provisional Government.
Elites, mainly moderate socialists, liberals and Kadets led by Prince Lvov, intended as a temporary government to hold elections for a Constituent Assembly.
Petrograd Soviet.
Formed by Mensheviks, SRs, workers, soldiers and peasants, elected by the Petrograd soviets.
Who was a member of both the Petrograd Soviet and the Provisional Government.
Alexander Kerensky.
What promises were made by The Provisional Government.
- Amnesty for political prisoners.
- Civil liberties.
- Abolition of legal restrictions based on class, religion or nationality.
- Right to trade union strikes.
- Freedom of religion.
- More authority to zemstvas.
Why did the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet clash.
- PG aimed to restore order and continue the war.
- PS encouraged defiance of authority and end the war.
What did roles did Kerensky take in Cabinet.
Minister of War and Chairman.
The July Days.
Number of protests in 1917 believed to be organised by the Bolsheviks.
Kerensky’s response to The July Days.
- Send General Kornilov and six regiments to Petrograd for a military dictatorship.
- Released imprisoned Bolsheviks, provided them weaponry and cut Kornilov’s coups supply lines.
Why did the Provisional Government start to fail.
- Broke prior promises.
- Land was not redistributed, so peasants siezed lands themselves.
- Factory committee meetings were banned.
- War persisted.
- Rumoured they were delaying the election to preserve its own power.
