alexander III (1881-1894)

Question 1

Alexander III’s publication upon reign beginning.

Answer 1

‘Manifesto of Unshakeable Autocracy’.

Question 2

Local Government Reforms.

Answer 2

• Land Captains introduced in 1889 appointed to override zemstva decisions.
• Zemstva placed under government control.
• Election process changed to reduce peasant influence on zemstvas.

Question 3

Policing reforms.

Answer 3

• Okhrana powers grew.
• More spies employed.
• Alexander II’s judiciary reforms reversed.
• Volost courts directly controlled by Land Captains.

Question 4

Education reforms.

Answer 4

• Government regained control of university staff in 1884.
• Universities closed to women.
• Lower class children restricted to primary education.
• Primary education controlled by the church.

Question 5

Censorship reforms.

Answer 5

• Newspapers could be banned, and editors could be life banned.
• All publications had to be approved.
• Russification enforced in all media and art forms.

Question 6

Positive reforms.

Answer 6

• Redemption fees for ex-serfs reduced in 1881.
• Poll tax abolished in 1885.
• Peasant Land Banks established in 1883.
• The right to appeal to higher courts after trial by Land Captain was permitted.

Question 7

Alexander III’s work on Finland in 1892.

Answer 7

Reorganized the Finnish diet, Russian language demanded and Russian currency replaced.

Question 8

Alexander III’s work in Poland.

Answer 8

• Polish National Bank closed in 1885,
• Universities made to use the Russian language.
• Polish administration reorganized to prevent independance.
• Catholic churches closed.

Question 9

Where was a major uprising brutally repressed.

Answer 9

Siberia.

Question 10

Religious missionary acts.

Answer 10

Forced conversion of Muslims in Asia.

Question 11

Religious policy in 1883.

Answer 11

Non-Orthodox Churches werent allowed places of worship, to wear religious clothing or spread propaganda.

Question 12

How many disturbances in 1888, with how many military deloyments.

Answer 12

332 cases of mass disturbuances in 61 provinces, 51 of which with military involvement.

Question 13

How many Jews in Russia.

Answer 13

5 million.

Question 14

Government minister slogan encouraging anti-semitic sentiment.

Answer 14

“Beat the yids - save Russia.”

Question 15

When did pogrom’s break out.

Answer 15

1881.

Question 16

Alexander III’s contribution to pogroms.

Answer 16

Claiming Jews had assassinated Alexander II.

Question 17

When was the Holy League and government officials banned from contributing to organisation of pogroms.

Answer 17

1882.

Question 18

When did Jews begin to be forcibly deported, with example.

Answer 18

1890, 20,000 in 1892.

Question 19

Antisemitic legislations passed between 1882 and 1894.

Answer 19

• Number of Jews admitted to schools and universities regulated.
• Non-Christians banned from buying property in certain provinces.
• Jews banned from participation in local elections.

Question 20

Major famine.

Answer 20

1891-1892.

Question 21

What did the famine prove.

Answer 21

The incompetence of the autocracy as the zemstva’s were responsible for relief in the countryside and so there was renewed push for a national democratic body.

Question 22

Who became Minister of Finance in 1887.

Answer 22

Vyshnegradsky.

Question 23

Vyshnegradsky’s economic policies.

Answer 23

• Tariffs raised.
• Prohibitive import tariff of 30% of raw materials.
• Negotiated foregin investment.

Question 24

Impact of Vyshnegradsky’s economic policies.

Answer 24

Grain export increased by 18% between 1881 and 1891, leading to Russian budget in surplus, but also countryside famine that meant his dismissal.

Question 25

Who replaced Vyshnegradsky.

Answer 25

Witte.

Question 26

Witte’s economic policies.

Answer 26

• Protective tariffs.
• Increased taxation.
• Forced export.
• International loans.
• Foregin buisnessmen oversaw developments in railway.

Question 27

Economic development by 1897.

Answer 27

Russia was worlds fourth largest industrial economy.

Question 28

When were reforms introduced for working condition improvements.

Answer 28

1882-1890.

Question 29

Results of a 1880s survey of peasant living conditions.

Answer 29

2 of every 3 peasants unable to feed their household.

Question 30

How much of the population was Orthodox.

Answer 30

70%.

Question 31

1886 reform for religious officials.

Answer 31

• Improving preist educations.
• Church had more power over primary education.

Question 32

How many Muslims, Catholics, Lutherans and Pagans forcibly converted during Russiafication.

Answer 32

• 8500 Muslims.
• 40,000 Catholics and Lutherans.
• 50,000 Pagans.