alexander III (1881-1894) Flashcards
reign of alexander III: 1881-1894.
Alexander III’s publication upon reign beginning.
‘Manifesto of Unshakeable Autocracy’.
Local Government Reforms.
- Land Captains introduced in 1889 appointed to override zemstva decisions.
- Zemstva placed under government control.
- Election process changed to reduce peasant influence on zemstvas.
Policing reforms.
- Okhrana powers grew.
- More spies employed.
- Alexander II’s judiciary reforms reversed.
- Volost courts directly controlled by Land Captains.
Education reforms.
- Government regained control of university staff in 1884.
- Universities closed to women.
- Lower class children restricted to primary education.
- Primary education controlled by the church.
Censorship reforms.
- Newspapers could be banned, and editors could be life banned.
- All publications had to be approved.
- Russification enforced in all media and art forms.
Positive reforms.
- Redemption fees for ex-serfs reduced in 1881.
- Poll tax abolished in 1885.
- Peasant Land Banks established in 1883.
- The right to appeal to higher courts after trial by Land Captain was permitted.
Alexander III’s work on Finland in 1892.
Reorganized the Finnish diet, Russian language demanded and Russian currency replaced.
Alexander III’s work in Poland.
- Polish National Bank closed in 1885,
- Universities made to use the Russian language.
- Polish administration reorganized to prevent independance.
- Catholic churches closed.
Where was a major uprising brutally repressed.
Siberia.
Religious missionary acts.
Forced conversion of Muslims in Asia.
Religious policy in 1883.
Non-Orthodox Churches werent allowed places of worship, to wear religious clothing or spread propaganda.
How many disturbances in 1888, with how many military deloyments.
332 cases of mass disturbuances in 61 provinces, 51 of which with military involvement.
How many Jews in Russia.
5 million.
Government minister slogan encouraging anti-semitic sentiment.
“Beat the yids - save Russia.”
When did pogrom’s break out.
1881.
Alexander III’s contribution to pogroms.
Claiming Jews had assassinated Alexander II.
When was the Holy League and government officials banned from contributing to organisation of pogroms.
1882.
When did Jews begin to be forcibly deported, with example.
1890, 20,000 in 1892.
Antisemitic legislations passed between 1882 and 1894.
- Number of Jews admitted to schools and universities regulated.
- Non-Christians banned from buying property in certain provinces.
- Jews banned from participation in local elections.
Major famine.
1891-1892.
What did the famine prove.
The incompetence of the autocracy as the zemstva’s were responsible for relief in the countryside and so there was renewed push for a national democratic body.
Who became Minister of Finance in 1887.
Vyshnegradsky.
Vyshnegradsky’s economic policies.
- Tariffs raised.
- Prohibitive import tariff of 30% of raw materials.
- Negotiated foregin investment.
Impact of Vyshnegradsky’s economic policies.
Grain export increased by 18% between 1881 and 1891, leading to Russian budget in surplus, but also countryside famine that meant his dismissal.
Who replaced Vyshnegradsky.
Witte.
Witte’s economic policies.
- Protective tariffs.
- Increased taxation.
- Forced export.
- International loans.
- Foregin buisnessmen oversaw developments in railway.
Economic development by 1897.
Russia was worlds fourth largest industrial economy.
When were reforms introduced for working condition improvements.
1882-1890.
Results of a 1880s survey of peasant living conditions.
2 of every 3 peasants unable to feed their household.
How much of the population was Orthodox.
70%.
1886 reform for religious officials.
- Improving preist educations.
- Church had more power over primary education.
How many Muslims, Catholics, Lutherans and Pagans forcibly converted during Russiafication.
- 8500 Muslims.
- 40,000 Catholics and Lutherans.
- 50,000 Pagans.
