St Chpt 8

Question 1

An _______ Is the preferred strategy whenever conditions and resources permit an interior attack

Answer 1

Offensive fire attack

Question 2

A____________Limits operations to the exterior, generally resulting in a large property loss and limiting rescue options

Answer 2

Defensive decision

Question 3

The _________ Is based on staffing available to conduct an interior attack, water supply, ventilation, and most importantly a risk versus benefit analysis.

Answer 3

Offensive versus defensive decision

Question 4

The objective of an _________ Is to apply enough water directly to the burning fuel to achieve extinguishment, thus providing a safer work Environment for firefighters, facilitating rescues, and reducing property damage.

Answer 4

Offensive fire attack

Question 5

Are the most effective way to save lives and property, but are potentially the most dangerous strategy

Answer 5

Offensive operations

Question 6

The _____ Is critical and the basis of the entire incident action plan

Answer 6

Offensive/defensive decision

Question 7

Calculating the _______ Allows the incident commander to match the number And size of firelines to flow requirements

Answer 7

Calculating rate of flow

Question 8

William Clark uses a derivation of the fire compartment volume in cubic feet divided by ________ to determine rate of flow in gallons per minute.

Answer 8

V/100

Question 9

John Coleman notes that a hose streams extinguishing capability will generally be determined in about ______

Answer 9

30 seconds

Question 10

He further recommends a trial and error approach in stating, “If you are at the top of a stairway and have a line directing water at a well involved second floor attic and you don’t darken down the fire within _______ or so, get more water

Answer 10

30 seconds

Question 11

The continued use of initial attack lines when they are clearly overpowered by the fire is a sign of _____.

Answer 11

Poor training and the lack of fire ground discipline

Question 12

Many refer to this failure to recognize the need for larger fire streams as a ________.

Answer 12

Residential mentality

Question 13

One method of avoiding the problem of always using the same Fireline is to write _____ Requiring the use of 2 1/2 inch what happens when confronted with the fire in a large commercial building

Answer 13

SOPs Standard operating procedures

Question 14

The success rate of the trial and error method is highly dependent on the ______ or the standard preconnected hose line

Answer 14

Flow rate

Question 15

The ______ is probably the most commonly used method of determining flow rate.

Answer 15

Trial and error method

Question 16

Royer Nelson formula

Answer 16

V/100

Question 17

National fire academy formula

Answer 17

A/3

Question 18

Is based on the very efficient cooling effect of water being converted to steam

Answer 18

Lloyd layman’s indirect attack theory

Question 19

Recent research conducted by underwriters laboratories indicates that “________” by applying water into the fire compartment as quickly as possible, from the exterior can make conditions in the entire structure better.

Answer 19

Softening the target

Question 20

In the absence of visible fire or heavy and/or pushing smoke conditions, the soften the target tactic _______.

Answer 20

Does not apply

Question 21

The correct way to _______ is to apply a straight spraying or smoothbore stream at a steep angle through the window and off of the ceiling to allow water to rain down onto the burning contents and cool the hot gases.

Answer 21

Soften the target

Question 22

Is widely used to reduce fire growth and prevent flash over by directing short blasts of water toward the ceiling

Answer 22

Pulsing

Question 23

The _______ is based on the premise that the best rate of application is one that results in control of the fire within 30 seconds of effective application 80% efficiency

Answer 23

Royer Nelson formula

Question 24

The major sumptuous of Royer and Nelson that structure fires are primarily__________ is true for many fires.

Answer 24

Oxygen controlled

Question 25

Require less water than a free burning fire. Therefore, the royer nelson formula may understate the need in a well ventilated large area fire

Answer 25

Oxygen ventilation controlled fires

Question 26

Although Clark advocates the v/100 formula, he knowledges that the progression to flashover is primarily based on the________ .

Answer 26

Ratio of the surface area of the fuel to the size of the enclosure

Question 27

The progression to flashover begins with the fuel being heated until vapors being generated ______ ignite

Answer 27

Pyrolysis

Question 28

The national academy developed the _____ formula for use in their fire courses.

Answer 28

A/3

Question 29

An article by royer Nelson recognizes that the V/100 rate of flow formula is primarily a ____.

Answer 29

Planning tool

Question 30

Large volume fires are the fires that require the application of a ______.

Answer 30

Rate of flow formula

Question 31

Both the royer Nelson and national fire academy formulas ignore the _________; this is a substantial weakness in these formulas.

Answer 31

Fuel load and fuel type

Question 32

If two 1 3/4 lines are not controlling a fire with a calculated rate of flow of 100 gpm the problem is probably a failure to _______

Answer 32

Effectively apply water

Question 33

When confronted with a fire exceeding the rate of flow for two standard pre-connected hose lines with no pre-incident planned rate of flow data available, the IC will be forced to estimate the size of the involve compartment to determine the rate of flow requirement or else revert to_______.

Answer 33

Trial and error methods

Question 34

The _______Formula is based on fuel consumption being oxygen controlled by the volume of the enclosure and does not reduce the rate of flow by the percentage of volume of the enclosure involved in the fire

Answer 34

Royer nelson formula v100

Question 35

The ______ Is based on the area of involvement rather than the volume of the enclosure; therefore, a reduction by the area of involvement is recommended

Answer 35

National fire Academy rate of flow

Question 36

The national fire Academy recommend a percentage of involvement modifier in applying the _____ rate of flow.

Answer 36

A3

Question 37

Most fires Can be controlled with less then ___ during the ignition phase

Answer 37

1 gpm

Question 38

Are the most accurate as they are based on actual fire experience and consider the important factors of area of involvement and fuel load

Answer 38

Sprinkler rate of flow calculations

Question 39

Are not suitable for onscene use unless the pre-incident plan identifies flow requirements

Answer 39

Sprinkler rate of flow calculations

Question 40

Are more effective in getting the wet stuff directly on the red stuff and they pre wet the exposed fuel much as fire fighters with hose lines wet exposures

Answer 40

Sprinklers

Question 41

A close the royer Nelson and national fire academy rate of flow calculations systems show that the _______yields a higher rate of flow in most situations

Answer 41

National fire Academy system

Question 42

When confronted with a fire in an area that is beyond the control to standard preconnected hose lines and in which the fire flow has not been preplanned ________ may be easier to apply

Answer 42

A3

Question 43

Whether rate of flow is calculated in advance or on the fire ground, the IC should modify the formula on the basis of _____

Answer 43

Trial and error

Question 44

When the average hose lay exceeds 250 ft, it would be wise to use a _____ or larger preconnected lines to compensate for the additional friction loss.

Answer 44

2in

Question 45

Pressure loss due to elevation is ______ per foot of elevation

Answer 45

0.434

Question 46

Many fire departments use a rule of thumb calculation for elevation loss, such as _____ per floor.

Answer 46

5 psi

Question 47

Calculating friction loss is a bit more challenging than elevation, because friction loss in hose varies by size, hose type, manufacturer, age, and condition. It is best to use _________ to determine the actual friction loss in the hose carried on department apparatus.

Answer 47

Calibrated pressure gauges

Question 48

One of the advantages of a pre-connected hose line is establishing a _________, Which eliminates the need to calculate hydraulics at the incident scene

Answer 48

Standard pump discharge pressure

Question 49

Probably the most important point to be made is that departments should _______ their nozzles On a regular basis to ensure they are operating properly and to confirm the flow that can be expected from the hose nozzle configurations available on their apparatus

Answer 49

flow test

Question 50

Every department should perform flow tests On their hose and nozzle combinations using a

Answer 50

Calibrated flow meter

Question 51

A handheld line can generate a flow of up to

Answer 51

350 gpm

Question 52

NFPA 14 standard for the installation of standpipe and hose systems, requires that a sign be posted, usually at the main control valve, stating the location of the two most _______ hose connections

Answer 52

Hydraulically remote

Question 53

Standpipe outlets with a residual pressure exceeding 100 psi or a static pressure exceeding 175 psi are required to be equipped with ________.

Answer 53

Pressure reducing valves

Question 54

When selecting a nozzle/hose combination for standpipe operations, consider the pressure at the standpipe discharges and select standpipe hose and nozzles based on the _______

Answer 54

Lowest pressure

Question 55

One major disadvantage in using the aerial device for hose lines is that it is ___________.

Answer 55

No longer available for removing occupants or firefighters from the building

Question 56

From an empirical point of view, the solid core of water produced by the ______ would appear to deliver more water with better penetrating power than a straight stream or large droplet stream.

Answer 56

Solid stream nozzle

Question 57

Generally speaking, an _______ involves applying water from an interior position or an exterior position in close proximity

Answer 57

Offensive attack

Question 58

In conducting an _____, the idea is to keep ventilation to a minimum while introducing a wide angle fog stream directed at the ceiling through the smallest possible opening, such as partially closed door or window

Answer 58

Indirect attack

Question 59

Occasionally, a flat roof is covered by a peaked roof making it especially difficult to access the space between roofs.

Answer 59

Limiting openings to a small hole made to insert a piercing or larger nozzle may be the solution to this difficult fire

Question 60

The ______ is preferred in the vast majority-of situations where conditions permit an offensive attack.

Answer 60

Direct attack

Question 61

Class A fuels must be vaporized by heating the solid materials until combustible vapors are emitted; this process is known as

Answer 61

Pyrolysis

Question 62

When firefighters encounter very high heat conditions, indicative of an impending flashover, directing stream overhead _______ is advised, but this should be done using short intermittent blasts with a straight stream aimed at the ceiling in a pulsing fashion before actually entering the fire compartment

Answer 62

Pulsing

Question 63

Another way to soften the target is to apply water to the fire from an exterior opening. This approach is sometimes referred to as a _________.

Answer 63

Transitional attack

Question 64

The ______ involves directing a stream from the exterior into a room that is involved in fire where the fire has self vented

Answer 64

Transitional attack

Question 65

Fire can also extend vertically up the exterior of the building from windows or other openings on the fire floor. All of these potential routes of fire extension within the building are classified as ____ and need to be checked and protected with a hose line as required.

Answer 65

Internal exposures

Question 66

Fire can extend to adjacent buildings _____as well.

Answer 66

External exposures

Question 67

For most situations, the maximum outlet pressure to a flowing hose line will be _____.

Answer 67

100 psi

Question 68

Mathematically the rates of flow would be equal for a ____ ceiling

Answer 68

33 1/3

Question 69

The threat to human life is always the _______

Answer 69

First consideration

Question 70

Only in situations in which flows excess of 1000 gpm are anticipated from a single pumper or for extremely long relay lines (over 700 ft) is it necessary to place another ______ in a large diameter hose water supply layout

Answer 70

Pumper

Question 71

Venting is normally considered an offensive tactic however, the _____ is sometimes referred to as a defensive cut

Answer 71

Trench cut

Question 72

Can be used in any large structure and are particularly suited to U shaped apartment buildings and garden apartments

Answer 72

Trench cuts

Question 73

The 2000 ft two story single family dwelling with no basement and no exposures is sometimes referred to as a “______”

Answer 73

Low hazard occupancy

Question 74

A _____ has the staffing necessary to function as a unit, such as an engine company, a truck company, or medic unit.

Answer 74

Staged apparatus

Question 75

Apparatus without adequate staffing are classified as _______ rather than staged

Answer 75

Out of service or parked

Question 76

Proponents of ________ claim that the product is superior to untreated water when used as a suppression agent or to protect exposures from radiant heat.

Answer 76

Class A foam

Question 77

The second expected advantage of class A foam is that there is less water damage because _______.

Answer 77

Less water is used

Question 78

Finally, prewetting fuels and providing a foam layer on an exposure seem to be the most useful applications of ______ in an urban or suburban setting.

Answer 78

Class A

Question 79

Given the difficulty in calculating rate of flow at the fire scene, a strong recommendation is made to include the rate of flow as part of the preincident plan information when the flow exceeds the capabilities of the _______ used by the department

Answer 79

Two standard initial attack hose lines

Question 80

Are based on the area or volume of the compartment on fire

Answer 80

Rate of calculations

Question 81

By taking the concept of matching the hose line to the rate of flow one step further, it is possible to determine in advance the number and size of hose lines needed to combat fires in dwellings, apartment buildings, and small businesses. This is a form of preincident planning that is, preincident planning by

Answer 81

General occupancy

Question 82

A 1 3/4 in. hose line is acceptable only when using the

Answer 82

V/100 formula royer Nelson

Question 83

Given that the national fire academy figures tend to overstate the case, and there should always be a back up line, it can be concluded with a fair degree of confidence that fires within one and two family dwellings are normally within the flow capabilities of a ______ with back up line

Answer 83

1 3/4 in or 2 in.

Question 84

Properties that are already equipped with a sprinkler system should have a ________ with all of the required water flow requirements stamped into the plate

Answer 84

Plate on the riser

Question 85

Royer and Nelson assume an _____ efficiency in getting water into the immediate fire area

Answer 85

80%

Question 86

Assuming that the first arriving company will place a 1 3/4 in. or larger attack line in position, the _______ method is generally applied

Answer 86

Trial and error method

Question 87

When more than two 1 3/4 in hose lines are needed to control the main body of fire, there is an obvious need for_____ hoselines if an offensive attack is to continue

Answer 87

2 1/2 in

Question 88

Applying water to the fire for 15 seconds in a small residential fire prior to making entry or just an entry is made ______, reducing heat

Answer 88

Softens the target

Question 89

Just as with softening the target attack, the fire stream is applied for a short time to knock down a heavy volume of fire, making entry possible. The fire stream should be a handheld _______, not a fog stream or master stream

Answer 89

Solid or straight stream

Question 90

There are times when the fire is shielded by non burning materials, such as in a warehouse with rows of high stacked commodities. If possible, the hose should be moved to a position that allows a direct attack. If this is not possible, then _______

Answer 90

Deflecting a solid or straight stream off of the ceiling and allowing the droplets to fall on the fuel is an alternative

Question 91

Protecting exposures can involve hose lines on the exterior or interior of the exposed building. When working on the exterior, _____ are often the streams of choice.

Answer 91

Master streams

Question 92

In an area with hydrants, providing at least _____ for a working structure fire is considered good practice

Answer 92

Two water supplies

Question 93

Where the water supply is limited or non existent, consider using two pumpers or other means such a water tender, to augment the ______ to the pumper.

Answer 93

Water supply

Question 94

Remember, for offensive operations, a minimum _____ must be capable of supplying the calculated rate of flow plus back up lines and other lines used to protect exposures

Answer 94

Water supply layout

Question 95

During large scale incidents apparatus are often assigned to a

Answer 95

Staging area