SSD Flashcards
Neurology - what processing does speech require (3)
auditory, somatosensory and motor processing
Speech requires: (6)
Articulation Phonetics Phonology Morphology Perception Discrimination
McLeod and Crewe 2018 Early phonemes (13) and age
/p/ /b/ /m/ /d/ /n/ /h/ /t/ /k/ /g/ /w/ /ŋ/ /f/ /j/ (2;0-3;11)
McLeod and Crewe 2018 Middle phonemes (7) and age
/l/ /dʒ/ /tʃ/ /s/ /v/ /ʃ/ /z/ (4;0-4;11)
McLeod and Crewe 2018 Late phonemes (4) and age
/ɹ/ /ʒ/ /ð//θ/ (5;0-6;11)
By 3 years which (3) processes should be gone?
context sensitive voicing (pig=big)
Word final devoicing (pig=pick)
initial/final consonant deletion
By 3-4 years which (2) processes should be gone?
Fronting (car=tar)
Consonant harmony (mine = mime)
By 4 years which (2) processes should be gone?
Weak syllable deletion (elephant - scant)
cluster reduction (spoon=poon)
By 5+ years which (2) processes should be gone?
Gliding (leg/weg)
Stopping (fish=tish) *consonant dependent
Define speech delay (1), what do (1)
Follow typical developmental pattern but more slowly.
‘watch and wait’
Define speech disorder (1), what do (1)
Do not follow typical developmental patterns
Requires therapy to resolve.
Prevalence of speech disorder at 4yrs
3.5-5% of 4 year olds.
What is wrong with delay/disorder model?
Distinguishing between ‘delay’ and ‘disorder’ is highly complex.
‘typical development’ diagnosis criteria probably not sufficient to prevent negative outcomes.
speech difficulties negative outcomes (6)
Weak oral language Literacy and written language difficulties social and behavioural problems Mental health Low school and employment achievement. Bullying
Speech difficulties: Early childhood predictors: (4)
Weak sucking at 4 weeks.
Not combining words at 24 months (2 years).
Limited morphology at 38months (3 years).
Unintelligibility at 38 months (3 years).
Speech difficulties: School age predictors:
Parent reports difficulty to certain sounds at 7 years.
Tympanostomy tube insertion up to 8 years.
History of coordination difficulties.
Speech Red flags up to 3 years (8)
Failing to babble, or late onset of canonical babble.
Otitis Media
Glottal replacement (non-dialectal)
Initial consonant deletion: Not found in typical development of English
Small phonetic inventory / Inventory constraints.
Backing of obstruents (Stops, fricatives, affricates.)
Vowel errors
Intellectual disability.
Speech Red flags up to 3+ years (3)
3+ years: Final consonant deletion
5+ years: Percentage of consonants correct (PCC) less than 50%
6+ years: Low intelligibility. Likely to affect literacy.
Risk factors: speech difficulties (4)
Male
Hearing problems
Ear infections
Reactive temperament.
Protective factors: Speech difficulties (4)
Breastfed >9months.
Maternal wellbeing.
Multilingual parents.
Persistent temperament.
SSD Functional Model:
Known medical causes: (4)
Functional (unknown causes) (3)
Known cause (Medical):
Genetic (Down Syndrome)
Hearing loss
Neuromotor disorders (Cerebral Palsy)
Functional (unknown cause):
Childhood apraxia of speech
Articulation disorders
Phonological disorders
Psycholinguistic model:
Types of delay/disorder (5)
Phonological delay:
Consistent phonological disorder
Inconsistent phonological disorder
Articulation disorder
Childhood Apraxia of Speech
Psycholinguistic model:
Define Consistent vs inconsistent phonological disorder
(2)
(2)
Consistent phonological disorder:
Non-developmental error types.
Impaired understanding of phonological system.
Inconsistent phonological disorder:
Non-developmental error types.
Token-to-token inconsistency (same phoneme/word produced differently)
Psycholinguistic model:
Define Phonological delay (2)
Phonemic difficulty.
Typical developmental pathway but present phonologically as chronologically younger.
Psycholinguistic model:
Define Articulation disorder (3)
Phonetic difficulties.
Unable to produce particular perceptually acceptable phones.
Substitutions or distortions when produce the sound.
Psycholinguistic model:
Define Childhood Apraxia of Speech (1)
- Difficulty motor planning.
McLeod and Baker 2017:
2 categories of speech difficulties (2)
Phonological / Motor
McLeod and Baker 2017: Phonological difficulties (2)
Phonological impairment:
Inconsistent speech disorder:
McLeod and Baker 2017:
Define Phonological impairment (2)
Cognitive linguistic difficulty with the phonological system.
Pattern based errors.
McLeod and Baker 2017:
Define Inconsistent speech disorder (2)
Phonological assembly difficulty without oro-motor difficulties.
Inconsistent production of the same lexical items
McLeod and Baker 2017:
Define: Articulation impairment (1), examples of common errors (2)
A Motor speech difficulty. Speech errors (often /s/ /r/)
McLeod and Baker 2017:
Define: Childhood Apraxia of Speech (1)
Childhood Apraxia of Speech:
Motor speech disorder in planning and programming speech movement.
McLeod and Baker 2017:
Define: Childhood dysarthria:
Childhood dysarthria:
Motor speech disorder.
Disordered sensorimotor control in speech production
McLeod and Baker 2017: Motor difficulties (3)
Articulation impairment
Childhood Apraxia of Speech.
Childhood dysarthria.
Stoel-Gammon 1988
Define Independant analysis
Analyse Childs unique system without reference to target phonology.
Stoel-Gammon 1988
Define Relational analysis
Analyse Childs speech in relation to target phonology.
Flow of identifying SSD
- Case History
- Observation and Informal assessment.
- Formal assessment.
- Hypothesis driven intervention.
Define Articulation (1)
Physical production of sounds.
Define Phonology
Sound systems and rules governing sound combinations
Speech sound disorders (SSD) have either an articulation or a phonological basis. True/False
False
Speech sound disorders (SSD) may have an articulation and/or phonological basis or both
What % of SSD have unknown origin?
70-80%
SSD can impact on life activities and participation in many ways. Which framework is used to examine this impact?
ICF
