SLCL Flashcards
3 domains of child development.
physical, cognitive, social (and emotional)
Which domains of development are puberty affected by?
Physical and social.
In development: abilities advance, decrease and xxx
specialise
Growing awareness of effect of environment on child development was brought about by:
Social reform movements (Industrial revolution)
Beginnings of a research-based approach in child development due to xxx, by xxx means.
Darwin’s theory of evolution through comparison of human and animal (orangutang) development.
Theoretical history: Freud developed the xxx in xxx century
Psychoanalytic approach in 19-20th century.
Theoretic history: Watson developed xxx in xxx century.
Behaviourism in 19-20th Century.
Nature vs Nurture:
define Nature argument
Biological endowment, genes from biological parents
Nature vs Nurture:
define Nurture argument
Environments (physical and social) that influence development
Define epigenetics. Give example.
Interaction of genes and environment determines what and when changes occur.
Example: Genes influence neurotransmitters, experiences affects brain plasticity.
Define Continuous development
Age related changes that occur gradually. Eg: a tree
Define Discontinuous development
Occasional large shifts. Eg: Caterpillar – Chrysalis - Butterfly
Normative Age-graded change and example
Universal, linked to a specific age. Eg: First steps.
Normative history- graded change and example
Members of a cohort as a result of factors at work during a specific, well defined historical time period. Eg: lowering age of puberty.
Non-Normative change and example
Individual differences, unique unshared events. Eg: Conception.
Critical period and example
Specific period where an organism is sensitive to a particular experience experience (or absence of an experience). Eg: language development.
Sensitive period and example
Span of time where organism is responsive to types of experiences (or absence of an experiences). Eg: Parent – Infant attachment.
4 internal factors that influence development
Maturation
Inborn bias
Behaviour genetics
Pre/Perinatal history
Internal factor of development: Maturation define.
different rates, same pathway.
Sequential and predictable patterns of growth and development
Internal factor of development: : Inborn bias example
Whole object bias.
Internal factor of development: Behaviour genetics define and how researched.
Genes that contribute to behavior (twin studies).
Internal factor of development: Pre/Perinatal history define and 3 examples
Maternal factors (Eg: substance misuse), Prematurity, Birth weight.
3 external factors of development.
Social environment. Eg: SES.
Sociocultural context. Eg: Denmark vs USA, sleeping in same bed as parents.
Parenting (controversial).
Development…
Development is not due to age-specific events but occurs within a range that can differ from child to child.
Development of the CNS is an example of
Biological development
Environmental factors of development include:
Balance between parent expectations and developmental limits. Eg: 2yrs cannot read but language development improves if read to.
Theory Piaget developed is called:
Theory of cognitive development.
Schema
Units of knowledge. Increase in number and complexity as the child constructs an understanding of the world.
3 examples of innate schema
sucking, grasping, rooting.
Adaptation define and theorist
Piaget:
assimilation and accommodation
Assimilation define and theorist
Piaget:
Add info to existing schema
Accommodation define and theorist
Piaget:
Existing schema is changed to allow new information
Equilibrium define and theorist
Piaget:
Mental balance. Force that advances development
Disequilibrium define and theorist:
Piaget:
Mental unbalance. The force that allows schema to change to return to equilibrium
Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development and corresponding ages
0-2 Sensorimotor stage
2-7 Preoperational stage
7-11 Concrete operations stage
12+ Formal operations stage
Sensorimotor stage
age, features
0-2
Sensory input
Motor capabilities
Object constancy and object permeance (Eg: mother).
Preoperational stage
age, features
Preoperational Stage: 2-7
Manipulate images and symbols
Symbolism in pretend play
Egocentric view of world
No logical organization of thoughts. Eg: Unable to apply principles of conversation.
Concrete operations stage. age and features.
7-11
Internal problem solving (concrete).
Basic math skills.
Can hold conversation.
Sort items, reverse direction of thinking, 2 concepts simultaneously.
Understand situation from another perspective.
Formal Operations Stage, age and features
12+
Abstract concepts.
Logically test hypothesis.
Speculate about future.
Theoretical, philosophical and scientific reasoning.
Adolescents reinterpret and revise knowledge base.
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development:
6 years: what stage?
Preoperational stage
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development:
10 years: what stage?
Concrete Operations Stage
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development:
3 years: what stage?
Preoperational stage
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development:
1 year: what stage?
Sensorimotor
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development:
15 years: what stage?
Formal operations
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development:
Logically test hypothesis. What stage?
Formal operations
12+
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development:
Internal problem solving. What stage?
Concrete operations 7-11
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development:
Symbolism in pretend play. What stage?
Preoperational 2-7
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development:
Object permenance. What stage?
Sensorimotor Stage: 0-2
Psychosocial development theory
5 stages and ages:
0-1 Trust vs Mistrust 1-2 Autonomy vs Shame/doubt 2-6 Initiative vs Guilt 6-12 Competence vs inferiority 12-20 Identity vs Role confusion
Trust vs Mistrust
Age and Positive outcomes
0-1
Infant will trust caregiver if needs are met.
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Age and Positive outcomes
1-2
Encouraged to explore and reassured when mistakes made = Autonomy.
Initiative vs Guilt
Age and Positive outcomes
2-7
Encouragement and consistent discipline = learn wrong/right
Competence vs Inferiority
Age and Positive outcomes
6-12
Pleasure in learning and productivity = sense of competence.
Identity vs Role Confusion
Age and Positive outcomes
12-20
Strong identity, ready for future
Age: 8 what stages (2)
Concrete operations.
competence vs inferiority.
Age: 5 What stages (2)
Pre-operational stage
Initiative vs Guilt
Age 13 What stages (2)
Formal operations
Identity vs Role Confusion
Age 1 What stages (2)
Sensorimotor
Trust vs Mistrust
Usha Goswami
‘children’s cognitive development and learning.’ Cambridge Primary review trust
Key points
Children think and reason in the same way as adults.
Differences arise from lack of experience.
All children (including babies) demonstrate main types of learning: statistical, imitation, analogy and causal.
Learning is socially mediated.
Huge individual variation in language skills.
Executive function:
Building the brains ‘air traffic control’ system - Harvard. Working paper 11.
What is EF? (3)
Working memory
Inhibitory control
Cognitive/mental flexibility
Executive function:
Building the brains ‘air traffic control’ system - Harvard. Working paper 11.
EF develops into adolescence True/False
True
Executive function:
Building the brains ‘air traffic control’ system - Harvard. Working paper 11.
EF develops into adolescence ability is synonymous for school readiness.
False.
EF ability is distinct from, but important for school readiness.
Executive function:
Building the brains ‘air traffic control’ system - Harvard. Working paper 11.
What EF Strategies are effective (2)
training parents and EY professionals can be effective.
Define literacy
The ability to read and write.
Associations between spoken language and literacy:
Verbal comprehension = Reading comprehension
Expressive language = Expressive writing
Speech = Phonological awareness, Spelling
Motor = Handwriting
Concepts of Print (5)
- Knowledge of letters (AaBbCc..)
- Alphabetic principle (letter to sound correspondence: Cc = /k/)
- Printed text carries linguistic meaning.
- Correspondence between written and spoken words.
- Where to start reading a text (English: left-right, top-bottom)
Knowledge of letters
(AaBbCc..)
Letters represent phonemes of spoken language.
Several characteristics of each letter: Upper/lower case, name/sound.
Alphabetic principle is…
Knowledge of letter/sound linkage as a systemic relationship: Cc = /k/
Phonological awareness define (Stackhouse & Wells)
Ability to reflect on and manipulate the structure of an utterance as distinct from its meaning
2 dimensions of phonological awareness:
Size of linguistic unit
explicitness of operations.
‘Size of Linguistic unit’ define
Phonemes: /s/ /t/ /e/ /p/ /s/ Onset-Peak-Coda: st e ps Onset Rime: st eps Syllables: steps Word: Steps (Noun)
‘Explicitness of operations’ define
Identification: Recognise linguistic units.
PIG, PIN: Share same initial phoneme.
Segmentation (Spelling): Recognise and break up LU:
TOMATO = 3 syllables
Blending (Reading): Recognise and put together LU:
Blend onset-rime: SH– OP = Shop
Manipulation: Recognise, breakup, delete/add/exchange LU:
Say COLD without /k/.
‘Explicitness of operations’
Identification. Example
CAT, MAT, HAT: Share rime unit.
PIG, PIN: Share same initial phoneme.\
Recognise linguistic units.
‘Explicitness of operations’
Segmentation. Example
TOMATO = 3 syllables
Recognise and break up Linguistic Units:
‘Explicitness of operations’
Blending. Example
Blend onset-rime: SH– OP = Shop
Recognise and put together Linguistic units.
‘Explicitness of operations’
Manipulation. Example
Say COLD without /k/.
Swap 1st sounds of FISH and TABLE (tish and fable)
Recognise, breakup, delete/add/exchange Linguistic units.
Letter name vs sound knowledge. Predictor of literary success?
Letter name knowledge: Preschool predictor of later literacy success.
Letter sound knowledge: 5+ overtakes as predictor of later literacy success.
Alphabetic principle employs: (2)
Letter sound knowledge.
Phonological awareness.
Ehri’s Model of becoming a skilled reader: 4 stages and key skill.
Pre-alphabetic - Environmental print.
Partial alphabetic - Letter sound knowledge.
Full alphabetic- Decoding.
Consolidated alphabetic - experience and memory.
Ehri’s Model of becoming a skilled reader:
Pre-alphabetic (3)
Pre-reader.
- Little or no knowledge of letters.
- Cannot read new words.
Some reading ability:
3. Environmental print Eg: McDonalds sign
Ehri’s Model of becoming a skilled reader: Partial alphabetic (2)
Some letter-sound knowledge.
Use of more salient alphabetic cues
Eg: Initial and final letters, Differentiation of vowel sounds particularly difficult.
Ehri’s Model of becoming a skilled reader: Full alphabetic (3)
- Full knowledge of alphabet and letter-sound correspondence.
- Decoding: Words are sounded out.
- Initial acquisition of sight word vocabulary
Ehri’s Model of becoming a skilled reader: Consolidated alphabetic (3)
Much experience
Memory of pronunciation of common letter strings
Predication from context, decoding analogy and sight.
Eye movement in reading
fixation
Integrate ideas presented in successive sentences. Example.
Pronouns: “…She…”
Reading requires:
Decoding and comprehension
What age:
Vegetive sounds
0 - 2months
What age:
Turns to voices
0- 2months
What age:
Deliberate eye contact
0- 2months.
What age:
pre-intentional vocalisations
0-2months
What age:
Shows excitement at sound of approaching voices/footsteps.
2-3months
What age: CV combinations (coo, goo)
2-3months
What age:
Responds with pleasure to routines
2-3months
What age:
Shows excitement at sound of approaching voices/footsteps
2-3months
What age:
Pitch glides
4-6months
What age:
Follows Adult’s eye gaze.
4-6months
What age:
Anticipates events.
4-6months
What age:
Protests
4-6months
What age:
Searches for lost toys.
6-10months
What age:
Non-verbally requests and refuses.
6-10months
What age:
Canonical babbling.
6-10months
What age:
Learn that communication can influence caregivers.
6-10months.
What age:
Joint attention
10-12months
What age:
First words
10-12+ months
variegated babbling define
mixing sounds and combining syllables. ‘maba aga’
Canonical babbling define
repeated sounds ‘mamama’ ‘gagagaga’
What age:
CV and CVC combinations with sentence-like intonation
10-12months
Joint attention define
Co-ordinated attention to each other AND an object or event.
What age:
Understands several words in context.
10-12months
What age:
social smile
3months
What age: Modify gaze (make and break eye contact
3months
Types of Gestures in pre-linguistic phase (3)
Imperative (I want)
Declarative (Look)
Epistemic (what is this?)
Epistemic gesture means
what is this?
Imperative gesture means
I want that
Declarative gesture means
look at this
Young infants cannot discriminate IDS/adult directed speech. True/False
False.
Young infants can discriminate IDS/adult directed speech
Features of infant directed speech (4)
Small, repetitive core vocabulary.
Here and now topics.
Questions and greetings.
Paralinguistic modifications to pitch and loudness.
Show preference for infant directed speech, even in foreign language. True/false
True
Infants show preference for IDS, even in foreign language.
Define ‘Attachment’
Attachment: Emotional bond where sense of security is bound up in relationship.
Define ‘Affectional bond’
Enduring tie between two individuals viewed as unique.
Attachment behaviours define
Behaviours that facilitate physical proximity to and interaction with and attached individual.
Synchrony define
Synchrony: Interlocking pattern of attachment behaviours. Routine synchrony contributes to development of attachment
Bowlby 1969: 3 phase developmental trajectory and ages.
3
Non-focused orienting and signalling. 0-3 months.
Focus on one or more figure. 3+ months.
Secure base behaviours. 6+ months.
Secure base define.
A secure base is provided through a relationship with one or more attachment figures who meet the child’s needs and to whom the child can turn to when upset or anxious.
Mary Ainsworth’s test for Separation anxiety
‘Strange Situation’
Separation anxiety define
Fear of being away from caregiver.
Stranger anxiety define
Fear of unfamiliar person.
Stranger anxiety rare before… declines after…
Stranger anxiety rare before 5 months declines after 24months.
Secure attachment define
Child uses parent as secure base and is readily consoled.
Insecure attachment define
No secure base. Child not readily consoled.
Types of insecure attachment (3)
Avoidant: Avoids contact.
Ambivalent: Little exploration.
Disorganised: Contradicting behaviour patterns.
Risk factors for attachment (4)
Emotional response to infant.
Marital status.
SES.
Mental health
Attachment does not vary cross-culturally. True/false
False
Some aspects of attachment vary across cultures.
Procedure to investigate infants ability to discriminate:
high amplitude sucking procedure.
At birth can discriminate native/non-native sounds. True/False
True
At birth can discriminate non-native/non-native sounds.
True/False
True
8-10months:
Vowels and consonants influenced by linguistic experience. True/False
True
Communicative functions (3)
Regulating behaviour.
Social interaction.
Joint attention.
What age:
Follow 2 part/keyword instructions: Give the ball to daddy.
18 months
What age:
Chunking words: ‘gimmedat’
12-18months
What age:
Underextension.
12-18months
Underextension define
dog = a specific dog
Overextension define.
Mummy = all women
What age?
Overextension
18-24months
Holophrases define
sweetie = give me a sweetie
What age?
Holophrases
18-24months
What age?
Telegraphic speech
18-24months
Telegraphic speech define
Primarily content words.
Ball go. Daddy jump.
What age?
“vocabulary spurt”
18-24months
Features of early grammer development (4)
Negation
Question forms: what/where.
Pronouns: Me, mine, it, you.
Imitate longer utterances and use themselves.
Bloom and Lahey 1978
Form Content Use
Form Content Use
Form - define
Phonology and Syntax
Form Content Use
Content - define
Semantics
Form Content Use
Use - define
Pragmatics
Form Content Use Affected by (4)
Attention
Memory
Executive Function
Processing speed
Speech development
2-4 years: phonemes (13)
/p/ /b/ /m/ /d/ /n/ /h/ /t/ /k/ /g/ /w/ /ŋ/ /f/ /j/
Speech development
4-5 years: phonemes (7)
/l/ /dʒ/ /tʃ/ /s/ /v/ /ʃ/ /z/
Speech development
5+ years: phonemes (4)
/ɹ/ /ʒ/ /ð//θ/
What age?
/p/
2-4y
What age?
/j/
2-4y
What age?
/h/
2-4y
What age?
/ŋ/
2-4y
What age?
/dʒ/
4-5y
What age?
/ʃ/
4-5y
What age?
/z/
4-5y
What age?
/l/
4-5y
What age?
/θ/
5+
What age?
/ɹ/
5+
What age gone?
Context sensitive voicing
3y
What age gone?
Fronting
3-4y
What age gone?
consonant deletion
3y
What age gone?
weak syllable deletion
4y
What age gone?
Cluster reduction
4y
What age gone?
Gliding
5+
What age gone?
Stopping
5+
Stopping define
fish - [tiʃ]
5+
gliding define
leg - [jeg]
5+
Weak syllable deletion define
Elephant - efant
4y
cluster reduction define
spoon - poon
4y
consonant harmony define
mine - mime
3-4y
context sensitive voicing define
pig - [big]
3y
word final devoicing define
pig - [pik]
What age?
25% intelligible to parents
18 months
What age
50-75% intelligible to parents
24months
What age
75-100% intelligible to parents
36months
At 4years, what % intelligible to unfamiliar adults?
90%
Differential diagnosis between typical disfluency and stammering.
True/False
True
Disfluency define
Typical to start/stop, hesitate, repeat ect.
More frequent when tired/excited/upset.
What age?
Understand complex prepositions: beside, away from, together.
3-4y
What age?
Understand quantity concepts ‘more’
3-4y
What age?
Use ‘and’ to join sentences
3-4y
What age?
Describe abstract objects
3-4y
What age?
Use possessives
3-4y
What age?
Contracted negatives (don’t)
3-4y
What age?
Understand size concepts: tiny/huge
3-4y
What age?
Use 4-5 word sentences
2-3y
What age?
Use simple plurals: cars
2-3y
What age?
Use -ing
2-3y
What age?
Understand: who, what, where
2-3y
What age?
Understand simple prepositions: in, out
2-3y
What age?
Identify objects by function. ‘what do we eat?’
2-3y
probable event strategy and age
‘The apple ate the unicorn’ = the unicorn ate the apple.
2-3y
Probable location strategy and age
‘put the spoon under the bowl’ = put the spoon in the bowl.
2-3y
Error types in early years
Overgeneralise
Semantic error ‘don’t giggle me’
error type: don’t giggle me
semantic error
error type: the mices
overgeneralise
Error type: misuse pronoun
overgeneralise
Stages of narrative development (5)
Labelling Listing Connecting Sequencing Narrating
Stages of narrative development:
Labelling. approx age
nominal labels and repetitive syntax (3 years)
Stages of narrative development:
Listing
topic-centred list of perceptual attributes of character actions, lacks causal relations
Stages of narrative development:
Connecting
Connecting – central topic with character actions that link to related characters of events
Stages of narrative development:
Sequencing
Sequencing – connections between actions of characters and sequences actions in time
Stages of narrative development:
Narrating
Narrating – developed plots with evidence of character planning to reach goals
What age?
Ask for clarification
2-3y
What age?
uses polite terms/markers
2-3y
What age?
Requests permission
3-4y
What age?
Uses fillers to acknowledge partners message
3-4y
What age?
Responses are likely to be relevant to the speaker’s topic
3-4y
What age?
Terminates conversation
3-4y
What age?
Uses private speech when playing by themselves
2-3y
