1 Flashcards
Domains of development
Physical
Cognitive
Social (and emotional)
Domains:
Development is best considered as..
the interrelationships between the domains
In development abilities (3)
Advance, decrease and specialise
Social reform movements created what is the field. Example. (1)
Growing awareness of effect of environment on child development.
Industrial revolution
Darwin’s theory of evolution established what in the field.
How (1)
Beginnings of a research-based approach. Comparison of human and animal (orangutang) development.
Freud developed the (1)
When (1)
Psychoanalytic approach
19-20th century
Define Psychoanalytic approach
“Biological drives a crucial influence on development”
Watson developed what.
When
Behaviorism. 19-20th century.
Define behaviourism
“Child behavior arises largely from reward and punishment that follows particular behaviors”
Enduring themes of development (3)
Nature vs Nurture
CONTINUITY VS DISCONTINUITY
KINDS OF CHANGE
Define Nature (NvN)
Biological endowment, genes from biological parents.
Define Nurture (NvN)
Environments (physical and social) that influence development
Define epigenetics Give example (1)
Interaction of genes and environment determines what and when changes occur.
Eg: Genes influence neurotransmitters, experiences affects brain plasticity.
Define Continuous development + example
Age related changes that occur gradually. Eg: A tree growing
Define Discontinuous development + example
Occasional large shifts. Eg: Caterpillar – Chrysalis - Butterfly
Define Normative Age-graded change
Example (1)
Normative Age-graded change: Universal, linked to a specific age. Eg: First steps.
Define Normative history- graded change
Example (1)
Normative history- graded change: Members of a cohort as a result of factors at work during a specific, well defined historical time period. Eg: lowering age of puberty.
Define Non-Normative change
Example (1)
Non-Normative change: Individual differences, unique unshared events. Eg: Conception.
Define Sensitive period
Example (1)
Length of time where the brain is very responsive to certain experience.
Eg: Parent-Infant Secure attachment
Define critical period
Example (1)
Length of time where irreversible changes to the brain occur is response to certain experiences. Development due to atypical experiences is irreversible.
Eg: Language development
Factors that influence development (2)
Internal and External
Internal factors that influence development + definitions/examples (4)
Maturation: Sequential and predictable patterns of growth and development: different rates, same pathway. (Arnold Gessell).
Inborn bias: Eg: Whole object bias.
Behavior genetics: Genes that contribute to behaviour (twin studies).
Pre/Perinatal history: Maternal factors (Eg: substance misuse), Prematurity, Birth weight.
External factors that influence development + definitions/examples (3)
Social environment. Eg: SES.
Sociocultural context. Eg: Denmark vs USA, sleeping in same bed as parents.
Parenting (controversial).
