9 Flashcards
Define Perception
Organising and interpreting sensory information from the external world by the sensory receptors in the sense organs and the brain
Define sensation
processing of information from the external world by the sensory receptors in the sense organs and the brain.
Perception forms the basis for (4)
Cognitive, emotional and social development, and interpretative skills
Infants can analyze and integrate separate elements of a visual display into…
Infants can analyze and integrate separate elements of a visual display into a coherent pattern.
Define Habituation:
How studied in infants:
The diminishing of an innate response to a frequently repeated stimulus
If the infant’s response increases when a novel stimulus is presented, the researcher infers that the baby can discriminate between the old and new stimuli.
showing infants two stimuli (objects, sounds etc.) at a time on two side-by-side screens to see if the infants have a preference for one over the other.
This is the xxx
Preferential-looking technique
Define visual acuity
what age fully developed?
Sharpness of visual discrimination
8months
How test visual acuity
compare how long baby looks at striped pattern vs plain grey square.
Define contrast sensitivity.
What age develops
the ability to detect differences in light and dark areas.
2-3 months
What age colour vision develops.
why delay?
2-3 months
Cones (light sensitive neurones in fovea) need to develop in size, shape and spacing
Define visual scanning
what age?
Visual scanning is the ability to use vision to search in a systematic manner, such as top to bottom and left to right.
Birth
Define eye tracking
what age
follow moving objects
2-3 months
How long does it take to show a preference for mothers face
12 hours of exposure
Face experiments - bias toward
configurations with more elements in upper half
define Perceptual constancy
the perception of objects as being of constant size, shape, color, etc., in spite of physical differences in the retinal image of the object.
define Object segregation
perception of separate objects in a visual display (color, shape, common texture, common movement…)
define Object permanence
objects do not vanish as they go out of our sight
Stereopsis (1)
What age (1)
Occurs due to (1)
the process by which the visual cortex combines the differing neural signals sent to the brain by the two eyes),
emerges suddenly at around 4 months of age
binocular disparity
optical expansion (1)
What age (1)
objects approaching get bigger
1month
define monocular depth cues (1)
examples (3)
what age
can be detected by one eye.
relative size
interposition (nearer objects occlude further ones)
convergence: of lines in the distance
6-7months
Auditory localization
turn towards sounds
music perceptions (3)
respond to rhythm in music
and are sensitive to melody, showing habituation to the same tune regardless of pitch.
Sensitivity to taste and smell develops
before birth
Newborns have an innate preference for ______ flavors
sweet
In the first few months babies explore by
oral exploration
manual exploration over oral exploration at around ____ months
4 months
Intermodal perception
combination of two or more senses
Current views on motor development
dynamic-systems approach, emphasizing many factors interacting, including
neural mechanisms, increases in strength, posture control, balance,
perceptual skills,
and motivation.
Infants begin successfully reaching for objects at around ________ months of age.
3-4months
Sit independently at
7months
self-locomotion
independant movement - crawling/walking
crawl at
8months
walk at
11-12months
put babies on back to reduce risk of
SIDS
visual cliff research
finding (2)
A visual cliff involves an apparent, but not actual drop from one surface to another, originally created to test babies’ depth perception
the environment plays a very important role in babies’ developing understanding of the significance of differences in the height of surfaces.
Parents’ facial expressions
infants xxx transfer what they learned about crawling down slopes to walking down them.
do not
Toddlers xxx scale errors, in that they try to do something with a miniature replica object that is much too small for the action to be completed.
do make
define affordances
affordances, the possibilities for action offered by objects and situations and the relation between the objects and humans
statistical learning
picking up information from the environment, forming associations among stimuli that occur in a statistically predictable pattern
Core-knowledge theorists believe…
Core-knowledge theorists believe that infants are born with some knowledge about the physical world.
examples of physical knowledge (2)
knowledge of gravity (1st year)
under what conditions one object can support another.
