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Question 1

Define Perception

Answer 1

Organising and interpreting sensory information from the external world by the sensory receptors in the sense organs and the brain

Question 2

Define sensation

Answer 2

processing of information from the external world by the sensory receptors in the sense organs and the brain.

Question 3

Perception forms the basis for (4)

Answer 3

Cognitive, emotional and social development, and interpretative skills

Question 4

Infants can analyze and integrate separate elements of a visual display into…

Answer 4

Infants can analyze and integrate separate elements of a visual display into a coherent pattern.

Question 5

Define Habituation:

How studied in infants:

Answer 5

The diminishing of an innate response to a frequently repeated stimulus

If the infant’s response increases when a novel stimulus is presented, the researcher infers that the baby can discriminate between the old and new stimuli.

Question 6

showing infants two stimuli (objects, sounds etc.) at a time on two side-by-side screens to see if the infants have a preference for one over the other.

This is the xxx

Answer 6

Preferential-looking technique

Question 7

Define visual acuity

what age fully developed?

Answer 7

Sharpness of visual discrimination

8months

Question 8

How test visual acuity

Answer 8

compare how long baby looks at striped pattern vs plain grey square.

Question 9

Define contrast sensitivity.

What age develops

Answer 9

the ability to detect differences in light and dark areas.

2-3 months

Question 10

What age colour vision develops.

why delay?

Answer 10

2-3 months

Cones (light sensitive neurones in fovea) need to develop in size, shape and spacing

Question 11

Define visual scanning

what age?

Answer 11

Visual scanning is the ability to use vision to search in a systematic manner, such as top to bottom and left to right.

Birth

Question 12

Define eye tracking

what age

Answer 12

follow moving objects

2-3 months

Question 13

How long does it take to show a preference for mothers face

Answer 13

12 hours of exposure

Question 14

Face experiments - bias toward

Answer 14

configurations with more elements in upper half

Question 15

define Perceptual constancy

Answer 15

the perception of objects as being of constant size, shape, color, etc., in spite of physical differences in the retinal image of the object.

Question 16

define Object segregation

Answer 16

perception of separate objects in a visual display (color, shape, common texture, common movement…)

Question 17

define Object permanence

Answer 17

objects do not vanish as they go out of our sight

Question 18

Stereopsis (1)

What age (1)

Occurs due to (1)

Answer 18

the process by which the visual cortex combines the differing neural signals sent to the brain by the two eyes),

emerges suddenly at around 4 months of age

binocular disparity

Question 19

optical expansion (1)

What age (1)

Answer 19

objects approaching get bigger

1month

Question 20

define monocular depth cues (1)

examples (3)

what age

Answer 20

can be detected by one eye.

relative size

interposition (nearer objects occlude further ones)

convergence: of lines in the distance

6-7months

Question 21

Auditory localization

Answer 21

turn towards sounds

Question 22

music perceptions (3)

Answer 22

respond to rhythm in music

and are sensitive to melody, showing habituation to the same tune regardless of pitch.

Question 23

Sensitivity to taste and smell develops

Answer 23

before birth

Question 24

Newborns have an innate preference for ______ flavors

Answer 24

sweet

Question 25

In the first few months babies explore by

Answer 25

oral exploration

Question 26

manual exploration over oral exploration at around ____ months

Answer 26

4 months

Question 27

Intermodal perception

Answer 27

combination of two or more senses

Question 28

Current views on motor development

Answer 28

dynamic-systems approach, emphasizing many factors interacting, including neural mechanisms, increases in strength, posture control, balance, perceptual skills, and motivation.

Question 29

Infants begin successfully reaching for objects at around ________ months of age.

Answer 29

3-4months

Question 30

Sit independently at

Answer 30

7months

Question 31

self-locomotion

Answer 31

independant movement - crawling/walking

Question 32

crawl at

Answer 32

8months

Question 33

walk at

Answer 33

11-12months

Question 34

put babies on back to reduce risk of

Answer 34

SIDS

Question 35

visual cliff research finding (2)

Answer 35

A visual cliff involves an apparent, but not actual drop from one surface to another, originally created to test babies' depth perception the environment plays a very important role in babies’ developing understanding of the significance of differences in the height of surfaces. Parents’ facial expressions

Question 36

infants xxx transfer what they learned about crawling down slopes to walking down them.

Answer 36

do not

Question 37

Toddlers xxx scale errors, in that they try to do something with a miniature replica object that is much too small for the action to be completed.

Answer 37

do make

Question 38

define affordances

Answer 38

affordances, the possibilities for action offered by objects and situations and the relation between the objects and humans

Question 39

statistical learning

Answer 39

picking up information from the environment, forming associations among stimuli that occur in a statistically predictable pattern

Question 40

Core-knowledge theorists believe...

Answer 40

Core-knowledge theorists believe that infants are born with some knowledge about the physical world.

Question 41

examples of physical knowledge (2)

Answer 41

knowledge of gravity (1st year) under what conditions one object can support another.