Sructures & Energetics Flashcards
How does DNA replication in the bacterial nucleotide occur?
- Single origin of replication and DNA synthesis
- It’s bidirectional from this origin
- Starts at one point and goes in opposite directions
What isomers is supercooling done by?
Gyro/topoisomers
energy-using processes (building reactions)
Anabolism
_____ provides the building blocks and energy for ______.
- Catabolism
- Anabolism
generate ATP using oxidation of ORGANIC compounds
Chemorganotrophs
Generate ATP using oxidation of INORGANIC compounds
Chemolithotrophs
Generate ATP from harnessing light energy
Phototrophs
Utilize CARBON from ORGANIC compounds
Heterotrophs
Utilize CARBON from O2, synthesizing their own fuel
Autotrophs
What do chemorganotrophs, chemolithotrophs, Heterotrophs, and Autotrophs all have in common?
They all generate ATP
Energy released that is available to do work
Free Energy (△G)
What does △G equal?
Gproducts - Greactants
Reactions with a _______ △G are ______
- Negative
- Exergonic
Reactions with a _____ △G are _______.
- Positive
- Endergonic
what do exergonic reactions release?
Free energy
What do endergonic reactions require?
Energy
What type of reaction is SPONTANEOUS?
Exergonic
What type of reaction is NON-SPONTANEOUS
Endergonic
What is activation energy?
The energy required to bring all molecules in a chemical reaction to the reactive state
Reducing the _____ will increase the rate of the reaction
Activation energy
A chemical that increases the rate of reaction without undergoing a physical change
Catalyst
What are the primary catalysts of biological reactions?
Enzymes
Enzymes are usually used to catalyze _____ reactions and contain an action site
SINGLE
What kinds of bonds do enzymes rely on?
Weak (Vander Waals, hydrogen, hydrophobic rxns)
What do enzymes increase the probability of?
A chemical reaction occurring
Small, non-protein molecules that participate in catalysis but are not substrates
Cofactors
Cofactors that are inorganic molecules
Prosthetic groups (Fe2+, Mg2+, Ca2+. Mn+)
Organic molecules that include NADP+, FAD, NAD+,
Coenzymes
Cofactor is NOT bound to the enzyme
Apoenzyme
An enzyme bound to its cofactor that is active
Haloenzyme
Will an enzyme that requires a cofactor work without one?
NO. If it requires one it will not work without a cofactor
Hinders a metabolic pathway by having a product of the pathway inhibit an earlier reaction
Feedback inhibition
Inhibitor binds to the active site to BLOCK the enzyme
Competitive inhibition
How does non-competitive inhibition work?
Inhibitor binds at a site that is not the active site and adjusts the structure of the proteins to inhibit the enzyme, may still bind but nothing will happen
What are the elements of life?
C, H, N, O, P, S
Nutrients that must be supplied by the environment and can’t be generated by the cell
Essential nutrients
Trace elements are necessary for protein function
Micro nutrients
What is bacterial growth dependent on?
The acquiring of micro and macro essential nutrients
An environment rich in essential nutrients will result in _________ growth
Faster
An environment poor in essential nutrients will result in ________ growth or starvation
Slow
What can starvation lead to the formation of?
Endospores
