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Microbio > Chapter 2: Cell Basics & Microscopy, Gram Staining > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Cell Basics & Microscopy, Gram Staining Flashcards

1
Q

What do ALL cells have?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane
Cytoplasm
Genome
Ribosomes
Metabolism
Evolution

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2
Q

What do SOME cells have?

A

Differentiate
Exchange genetic info
Communicate
Movement

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3
Q

Genes code for ____ which creates ____ for metabolism

A
  1. RNA
  2. proteins
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4
Q

protein catalysts of the cell that accelerate chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

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5
Q

DNA chromosome is replicated prior to cell division

A

DNA replication

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6
Q

DNA gene is read to produce RNA (same language)

A

Transcription

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7
Q

RNA message is read to make protein (changing language)

A

Translation

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8
Q

Results of cells having the nutrition they need and ability to replicate

A

Growth

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9
Q

The smallest distance by which two objects can be separated and still be distinguished

A

resolution

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10
Q

requires fixation/freezing conditions that damage or alter cells

A

electron microscopy

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11
Q

Types of electron microscopy

A

Transmission and Scanning

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12
Q

electrons pass through the specimen surface and reveal internal structures

A

Transmission electron microscopy

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13
Q

electrons scan the surface of the specimen and reveal the external structures in 3D

A

Scanning electron microscopy

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14
Q

Types of light microscopy

A

Bright-field
Phase-contrast/Differential contrast
Dark field

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15
Q

How do light microscopes work?

A

Light passes through multiple lenses and through the specimen. Useful for examining cells while they are alive.

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16
Q

Bright-field microscopy

A

light passing through the cell directly forms the image

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17
Q

Phase contrast/Differential contrast microscopy

A

exploits the phase change of light passing through an object varying thickness and density to produce an image, watching live cells move/mitosis

18
Q

Dark-field microscopy

A

illuminating rays are directed from the side, so only scattered light enters the microscope, watching live cells move/mitosis

19
Q

What is the purpose of staining?

A

to provide contrast

20
Q

True or False: Staining can be used to colorize a cell OR colorize the background surrounding a cell.

A

TRUE

21
Q

Does staining kill cells?

A

YES

22
Q

Flood the prepared specimen with a basic dye

A

Simple stain

23
Q

acidic dye, which is repelled by cell walls leaving clear cels on a dark background

A

Negative stain

24
Q

Morphology

A

cell shape

25
Q

True or False? Morphology DOES NOT predict physiology, ecology, phylogeny, etc. of a prokaryotic cell

A

TRUE

26
Q

Coccus

A

Spherical or ovoid

27
Q

Chain

A

strepto-

28
Q

Cluster

A

staph-

29
Q

Diplococci

A

pairs

30
Q

Bacili

A

rod/cylindrical

31
Q

Spirillum

A

spiral shape

32
Q

A ________ is smaller than a _______ which, in turn, is smaller than a ________.

A
  1. Virus
  2. Bacteria
  3. Human cell
33
Q

A ________ is smaller than a _______ which, in turn, is smaller than a ________.

A
  1. Virus
  2. Bacteria
  3. Human cell
34
Q

Compared to Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea have ________ surface-area-to-volume ratios, causing ________ nutrient exchange and growth rates.

A
  1. Higher
  2. Faster
35
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall composed of?

A

peptidoglycan

36
Q

Gram Stain Procedure

A
  1. Fix organisms with heat
  2. Crystal violet treatment
  3. Iodine treatment
  4. Decolorization (ethanol)
  5. Counter stain safranin
37
Q

Cell wall of gram positive cells

A

huge peptidoglycan layer

38
Q

Cell wall of gram negative cells

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer

39
Q

Pink stain

A

gram negative

40
Q

Purple stain

A

gram positive

41
Q

Difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria

A

Gram Positive:
- THICK cell wall
- has lipoteichoic acids in cell wall
- has an S layer

Gram Negative:
- THIN cell wall
- has outer layer of LPS (lipopolysaccharide)
- does not have S layer

Microbio (8 decks)

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