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Microbio > Chapter 3: Bacterial Cell Structure I & II, Structures & Energetics > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Bacterial Cell Structure I & II, Structures & Energetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

to separate the cytoplasm from the environment

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2
Q

What type of molecules can travel by diffusion?

A

non-polar

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3
Q

What kind of molecules have to be transported through channels?

A

polar

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4
Q

What are hopanoids?

A

pentracyclic chemicals that stabilize the bacterial membrane

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5
Q

What are the 3 functions of the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Permeability barrier
Protein anchor
Energy conservation

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6
Q

Where are lipids in the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

the phospholipid bilayer

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7
Q

What are the parts of the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Polar heads (hydrophilic)
Non-polar hydrocarbon tails (hydrophobic)

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8
Q

Saturated vs Unsaturated Fatty acids

A

Saturated fatty acids DO NOT contain double bonds
Unsaturated fatty acids DO contain double bonds

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9
Q

Cis fatty acid

A

H bonds are on the same side of the double bond

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10
Q

Trans fatty acid

A

H bonds are on opposite sides of the double bond

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11
Q

What component of the phospholipid is linked to the phosphate group (head) and the fatty acids (tail)

A

Glycerol

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12
Q

What is the inner leaflet of a gram negative cell composed of?

A

phospholipid

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13
Q

What is the outer leaflet of a gram negative cell composed of?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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14
Q

Interact with a variety of substrates or process large molecules for transport

A

outer surface proteins

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15
Q

interact with substrates involved in energy-yielding reactions and other important cellular functions

A

inner surface proteins

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16
Q

firmly embedded in the membrane

A

integral membrane protein

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17
Q

one portion anchored in the membrane (do not span the membrane)

A

peripheral membrane protein

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18
Q

What is the purpose of channels and carrier proteins?

A

movement of solute or something larger across the membrane

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19
Q

Where are channels mostly found?

A

In the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

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20
Q

What kind of transfer do channels facilitate?

A

passsive transfer

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21
Q

What kind of transfer do carrier proteins facilitate?

A

active and passive transport

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22
Q

What is the slime layer made of?

A

glycocalyx

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23
Q

Functions of a receptor protein

A

bonds extracellularly and conformation change relays information to cell

24
Q

Uniporters

A

move molecules in one direction

25
Q

Symporter

A

moves more than one molecule in the same direction

26
Q

Antiporter

A

moves molecules simultaneously into and out of the cell

27
Q

functions of capsule and slime layers?

A
  • Assist in attachment to surfaces
  • Protect against phagocytosis
  • Resist desiccation
28
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Short, helical, filamentous structures
Stick to surfaces or eachother

29
Q

What are pili?

A

thin filamentous protein structure
longer than fimbriae

30
Q

functions of pili

A
  • allow for bacterial attachment to surfaces
  • can allow for movement through twitching motility
  • help bacteria evade components of the innate immune system
31
Q

what does the conjugal pilus do?

A

Exchnage DNA form one bacteria to another

32
Q

what does the conjugal pilus do?

A

Exchnage DNA form one bacteria to another

33
Q

how does pili twitching motility work?

A
  1. pili extends
  2. pilli binds to receptor
  3. pili retracts, pulling bacteria along
34
Q

how does pili DNA exchange work?

A
  1. Donor binds to recipient through conjugal pilus
  2. plasmids are sent to recipient on the pilus with conjugative proteins
  3. DNA is now in the recipient cell
35
Q

what are flagella

A

Long protein filaments attached to a complex integral membrane protein

36
Q

how do flagella move the cell?

A

proton passage drives clockwise or counterclockwise rotation

37
Q

monotrichuous

A

single polar flagellum

38
Q

amphitricuous

A

a flagellum at each pole

39
Q

lophotricuous

A

multiple flagella localized at cell pole

40
Q

peritrichous

A

multiple flagella inserted at many locations in the cell membrane

41
Q

Which types of flagella move coutnerclockwise?

A

Peritrichous/Lophotricuous

42
Q

Which types of flagella move clockwise?

A

Monotrichuous/Amphitricuous

43
Q

What is taxis?

A

directed movement in response to chemical or physical gradients

44
Q

response to chemicals, the best studied movement system

A

Chemotaxis

45
Q

response to light

A

Phototaxis

46
Q

response to oxygen

A

Aerotaxis

47
Q

response to ionic strength

A

Osmotaxis

48
Q

response to water

A

Hydrotaxis

49
Q

How is chemotaxis measured?

A

by adding an attractant or repellant to a microbial space and then measuring movement

50
Q

What is an endospore?

A

Dormant, non-reproductive structure that allows bacteria survival in harsh environmental conditions

51
Q

How do you kill endospores?

A

autoclaving, they are resistant to most cleaning techniques

52
Q

Vegetative cell vs Endospore

A
  • vegetative cells are still growing/reproductively active to grow endospores
  • endospores are dormant versions of the cell
53
Q

Structure of the bacterial nucleoid

A

single molecule of DNA in a closed loop

54
Q

How is DNA condensed?

A

supercoiling

55
Q
A

Microbio (8 decks)

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