SR1: Vallin et al 2005- peacock butterfly defence

Question 1

what is the scientific name for the butterfly ?

Answer 1

Inachis io

Question 2

as blue tit predators approach the butterflies what do they do?

Answer 2

expose large eyespots in upper surface of wings and make a hiss sound by rubbing fore and hind wings together

Question 3

what does the lower wing surface resemble?

Answer 3

cryptic resembling dead leaf when resting

Question 4

why were lots of birds needed in the study?

Answer 4

each given only 1 butterfly

Question 5

at what time of year was it carried out?

Answer 5

late winter when butterflies are overwintering so are hibernating in hollow trees

Question 6

how many butterfly treatments and what were each of these?

Answer 6

6

• no eyespots + sound
• eyespots + no sound
• no eyespots + no sound
• eyespots +sound with control paint
• eyespots + sound with control cut
• eyespots + sound with control paint and cut

Question 7

what was the control for eyespots and for sound?

Answer 7

eyespots: mark non eyespot areas of wing with pen
sound: cut lower edge of hindwing

Question 8

result for % predated for no eyespots + sound?

Answer 8

50%

Question 9

result for % predated for eyespots + no sound?

Answer 9

0%

Question 10

result for % predated for no eyespots + no sound?

Answer 10

80%

Question 11

result for % predated for eyespots + sound + control paint?

Answer 11

0%

Question 12

result for % predated for eyespots + sound + control cut?

Answer 12

12%

Question 13

result for % predated for eyespots + sound + control cut + control paint?

Answer 13

0%

Question 14

which was found to reduce predation risk?

Answer 14

eyespots but hissing had no effect

Question 15

how does first encounter and second encounter to bird compare?

Answer 15

first: keeps wings closed longer relying on camouflage
second: opens its wings at a greater distance

Question 16

why may the butterflies hiss?

Answer 16

to alert nocturnal predators such as bats

Question 17

there have been previous studies on eyespot role in scaring predators- what was an issue with them?

Answer 17

lots of pseudoreplication

Question 18

what provides rationale for the study?

Answer 18

research by Blest

Question 19

what did the study aim to determine?

Answer 19

if the 2 forms of defence work together

Question 20

how many presentations and where were the butterflies presented to the blue tits?

Answer 20

54

in a small room with natural light

Question 21

what % were killed with eyespots and what % without?

Answer 21

3% with

65% without

Question 22

how did the birds appear to behave?

Answer 22

physically disturbed