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APS 209: Animal behaviour > 8: Adèlie penguin seminar > Flashcards

8: Adèlie penguin seminar Flashcards

1
Q

what may prevent male mallards from mate guarding to prevent their female engaging in EPC?

A

environmental and social constraints

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2
Q

what does it mean if the male mallards cant mate guard?

A
  • his sperm is in competition with other males

- timing and frequency of copulation will determine who gains paternity

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3
Q

in American Kestrels why cant males always mate guard and what do males do to try to compensate for this?

A

have to hunt for food for female

- copulate up to 690 times for each clutch

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4
Q

when are copulations only valid?

A

if sperm transferred

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5
Q

in each what % of copulations fail to result in sperm transfer?

  • zebra finches
  • chickens
A
  • 36%

- 50%

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6
Q

in Hunter et al study:

a) where was it?
b) how many penguin pairs breed here?

A

a) Antarctica, 650 miles from south pole at the edge of the ross ice shelf at cape bird
b) 300,000

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7
Q

what is the social/breeding system of adelie penguins?

A

socially monogamous

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8
Q

a) what do male penguins often do before females arrive?
b) who do the penguins pair up with?
c) which sex defends the nest?

A

a) set up a nest site and will engage in displays to claim a nest
b) partner from previous year but if not there then the nearest male. BUT if pervious male returns then will switch to pair with him
c) both

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9
Q

a) how many eggs are laid?
b) who takes the first incubation and for how long?
c) after how long do chicks hatch?

A

a) 2 or 3 if first is lost
b) father for 10-12 days then swap
c) 35 incubation days

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10
Q

a) what is the main predator to chicksand eggs?

b) what is the main predator in the sea for parents searching for krill?

A

a) Antarctic skua

b) leopard seals

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11
Q

a) how long was the study?

b) how many copulation attempts in the data set?

A

a) 4 years

b) 10,000

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12
Q

if the female accepts the males courtship display what happens and what does her cloaca do?

A

mounts and cloacal contact

- contracts her cloaca to draw sperm inside

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13
Q

what are the 3 possible outcomes of the male ejaculate?

A
  • ejaculate enters female cloaca
  • ejaculate misses (either sex responsible)
  • no ejaculate seen
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14
Q

how did they look for the outcome of ejaculate?

A
  • clocal smears

- stained sperm fluorescent

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15
Q

can you assume successful copulation results in insemination?

A

no

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16
Q

is sperm inseminated if ejaculate missed or wasn’t seen?

- when was it inseminated?

A

no

only if ejaculate enters cloaca

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17
Q

what are the 2 sources of sperm competition?

A
  • EPC

- mate switching after one has inseminated to a male to help raise offspring

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18
Q

what % of females:

a) took place in successful EPCs?
b) switched mates?

A

a) 9.8%

b) 14.9%

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19
Q

what is an indication that the female is control of who mates with her?

A

wont mate with males that force copulation

- will throw off males or keep tail down

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20
Q

what is the prostitution in the penguins?

A

females exchange EPC for nest material of stones

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21
Q

what happens to pairs with inadequate stone platforms?

A

will lose eggs and chicks

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22
Q

in terms of prostitution in how many cases did ejaculate successfully inseminate the female whereby after the female would steal a stone from his nest?

A

8/10

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23
Q

what are the 2 male benefits of prostitution?

A
  • extra offspring that he doesn’t have to care for

- potential future mate

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24
Q

what are 3 female benefits to prostitution?

A
  • source of stones
  • fertility assurance incase the pair male is infertile
  • good genes
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25
Q

why is sperm competition a risk for pair males?

A

may loose paternity

26
Q

how many in the breeding season:

  • copulation attempts
  • cloacal contacts
  • inseminations
A
  • 57
  • 42
  • 25
27
Q

what causes most failed copulations?

A
  • when male dismounts halfway

- if no sperm is deposited

28
Q

after clocal contact what %:

a) ejaculate enters cloaca
b) ejaculate misses
c) no ejaculate seen

A

a) 59%
b) 18%
c) 23%

29
Q

why may a male not be able to produce ejaculate?

A

if sperm/seminal fluid is limited

30
Q

what happens if not enough time is given for sperm to replenish?

A

next copulation will likely fail

31
Q

how long did it take from a successful ejaculate to:

a) the nest successful copulation
b) an unsuccessful copulation
- what idea does this support?

A

a) 4hrs 35min
b) 3hrs 59min
semen is limited

32
Q

how is it predicted that males will respond to sperm competition?

A

decrease inter-ejaculate time interval and increase insemination

33
Q

what happens to inter-ejaculate time in the pre-laying period of males with limited semen supply?

A

increase

34
Q

what is limited in the species?

A

sperm/seminal fluid

35
Q

overall what happened to the ejaculate interval time in the pre-laying period?

A

increased

36
Q

what 2 things can males do if sperm is limiting?

A
  1. carry on copulating

2. conserve sperm and allocate ejaculates strategically

37
Q

in some species males will have sperm depletion if they produce frequent ejaculates- give 2 examples

A
  • zebra finch: results in fewer and less motile sperm

- house sparrow: sperm reserves decline in the day and replenish at night

38
Q

when a fake female was used did the study find that males produced more sperm after a long ejaculate?

A

no

39
Q

what did Jeff Parker suggest?

A

males strategically allocate ejaculates to females that bring them the greatest returns in terms of paternity

40
Q

what are some other species that strategically allocate sperm?

A
  • mealworm beetles
  • mediterranean fruit flies
  • some fish
41
Q

compared to paired copulations what were successful EPCs less likely to result in?

A

failed ejaculation

42
Q

when is ejaculate almost always produced by males?

A

when with an EP female

43
Q

prior to cloacal contact what % of copulation attempts failed ?

A

25%

44
Q

in females and in males what caused copulation failure?

A

males- falling or dismounting

females- throwing off males or keeping tail down

45
Q

what mountings did males terminate fewer of?

A

those with extra pair females rather than pair

46
Q

by what 2 mechanisms could strategic allocation be achieved by?

A
  1. male attempts EPC only when they have sperm available

2. males withhold ejaculate from partners to conseve sperm

47
Q

if males withhold sperm what is predicted?

A

they will engage in EPC attempts and ejaculate less often

48
Q

in terms of clocal contact and ejaculation what did males engaging in EPC attempts have?

A

fewer

49
Q

what do males withhold sperm for?

A

EPC

50
Q

what happens if males ejaculate during EPC?

A

fewer ejaculates available for pair females

51
Q

if males withhold sperm is there a difference between males that did or didn’t ejaculate during EPCs?
- is there a difference if clocal contact results in ejaculation

A

no

no

52
Q

what may be the risk of withholding sperm?

A

may lose paternity of offspring

53
Q

when must a male mate with an EP male if he wishes to?

A

at the same period as his pair female as all females are fertile at the same time

54
Q

what is paternity determined by?

A

frequent copulations

55
Q

in females with EP partners which males did better and why?

A

pair males gained more successful inseminations

56
Q

after collecting blood samples and carrying out a paternity analysis:

  • what % extra pair broods were fathered by EP males?
  • what % extra pair chicks fathered by EP males?
A
  • 2.2%

- 3%

57
Q

do pair males father the chicks they raise and why?

A
  • mostly yes

- initial males can outcompete EP males by copulating frequently

58
Q

out of the 300,000 pairs how many males achieve EP offspring?

A

2,400

59
Q

why allocate sperm to EP females if unlikely successful in fathering offspring?

A

potential benefits fathering EP offspring high even if unlikely

60
Q

a) what is limited in the penguins
b) what is withled/allocated?
c) what do paired males gain?

A

a) semen supplies
b) withold ejaculates from partners and strategically allocate them to EP females
c) most copulations and father the offspring they raise

APS 209: Animal behaviour (25 decks)

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