14: communication Flashcards
list 2 examples of interspecific sexual deception
fly orchid and bee orchid
what is the bluegill sunfish example of intraspecific sexual deception
some males mimic females to trick the territorial male
what is the bolas spider example of sexual deception
attract male moths by mimicking female moths pheromone
on average how does a male increase his fitness
by responding to the signal even if some of the signal is deceptive
what does female choice select for and eventually lead to?
male traits that persuade females to mate with them which leads to a coevolutionary arms race between the sexes
list 3 examples of species for manipulative display
stalk eyed fly, robin, guppy
maynard smith and harper smith and harper 2003 studied animal signals, list the 3 main ways that animal signals may be evolve to be honest and reliable?
- honest communication due to common interest
- costly signals
- honesty due to uncheatability
list 3 examples of honest communication due to common interest
- honeybee communication
- long tailed tits
- genetic cues in fire ants
- raven yelling
what is an examples of a costly signal
begging chicks
in the honeybee communication example what is the difference between the dancer and the dance followers?
- dancer is the forager and signaller
- the dance followers are unemployed foragers and receivers
in the long tailed tits helpers assist relatives and what can this allow for?
discrimination of kin from non kin
what are long tailed tit calls like? (5)
- individually distinctive
- repeatable
- family specific
- learned from carers
- carry a kinship signal
what is the genetic cues in fire ants example for honest communication due to common interests?
green beard genes
- cause phenotypic effect
- permit recognition of itself to other bearers
- causes differential behaviour to bearers
in the fire ants what are the genotypes?
- egg laying females are Bb
- Bb females die early
- BB females are killed by Bb workers
in winter what do ravens depend on and what signal will they give out?
- large carcasses such as elk/moose
- yell in a deliberate and honest call
list the 3 hypotheses for the benefit of raven yelling and which one is correct
- attract carcass opener such as bear and so more ravens too
- selfish herding attracts more ravens in case of predator attack
- overwhelm defence of territory holding ravens- correct
what are reasons for why ravens yell due to overwhelm defence of territory holding ravens? (4)
- territory holding ravens dont yell
- non resident ravens yelled to attract other ravens to the carcass
- territory holders could not repel non residents as too many
- carcasses are eaten by 1 or 2 ravens or by many
what is honest communication favoured by?
common interests
in terms of begging chicks which chicks benefit the most and why?
hungry chicks as for a certain amount of food given their survival increases more than if given to a well fed chick
as the need for food increases what happens to begging intensity
it increases
begging is costly, when looking at artificial nests and the begging of nesters what was done/found? (5)
- nests more likely predated when begging calls played
- tree nester: black throated blue warbler
- ground nester: oven bird
- tree nesters attract more predators as begging call is louder
- but the predation risk is lower in the trees so they beg louder
when looking at the warbler begging calls how did ground nester begging calls compare to tree nesters?
- ground nests are more vulnerable to predation
- so beg at higher frequency as this sound doesnt travel as far
a chick aims to maximise its net benefit so what is at this point?
its optimum begging intensity
if the same amount of noise is made by both a hungry and well fed chick what does this result in?
- both equally harmful at attracting predators
- hungry chick benefits from the begging more so has higher optimum begging intensity
what can keep begging as an honest signal of need
the cost of making the signal
what is the relationship between begging and relatedness? (5)
- begging rate is lower in species with less extra pair paternity
- cost for begging reduced
- relatedness is lowered
- lower cost of nest predation to begging chick
- inclusive fitness means not just your cost thats costly but also that of relatives
a) how do high quality males compare in terms of survival to low quality?
b) which males have higher mating success?
a) higher
b) ornament display males
what can the ornament display be considered, such as a peacock tail?
- honest signal of mate quality
- handicap that only high quality males can afford
in toads as an example of uncheatability what is an honest signal thats used and what is it a signal of?
deep calls are an honest signal of male size and attract females and ability to deter rivals
in the toads what is the result of a higher frequency call?
more likely attacked by another male
why may species try to look as large as possible?
large size is correlated with fighting ability and fecundity in females
cheating body size is possible up until a point- give 4 examples of how animals do this
- inflate abdomen
- puff out chest
- make hair stand on end
- elongate larynx to make deeper call
in some spiders what are contests decided by and what can the resident spider tell?
body size
can tell weight of an intruder based on its effect on the web
in terms of communication what will selection often favour?
deceptive communication and evolutionary arms race
