Spotter Flashcards
Label A-D of the alimentary tract, and the layers they are comprised of.
Label A-E of the small intestine.
A: Villi (in small intestine only!)
B: intestinal crypts (glands) bounded by a layer of pink smooth muscle
C: submucosa
D: muscularis externa
E: serosa (yellow here)
Label the 4 layers of the colon (rectum) wall.
C: mucosa
A: submucosa
B: muscularis externa
D: serosa
Label A-D in the colon.
A: lamina propria
B: epithelium
C: muscularis mucosae
D: submucosa
Label A-D of the villus.
What type of epithelium lines this?
A: enterocytes (intestinal cells)
B: goblet cells
C: lamina propria (contains defence cells and fibroblasts)
D: smooth muscle (from underlying muscularis mucosae)
Simple columnar
Label the cells on the base of the villus.
Arrows: plasma cells
Stars: lymphocytes (NB. some appear above epithelium BM = “interepithelial lymphocytes” - sample antigens in intestinal environmnet)
SM: smooth muscle
G: goblet cell
What part of the alimentary tract is this?
What kind of cell is it lined with?
Label A, B and the arrow.
Oesophagus (oropharynx -> stomach)
Stratified squamous (against abrasion)
A: aerolar fibrocollagenous tissue of lamina propria
B: darker staning SM of muscularis mucosae
Arrow: lymphocytes in MALT
Label A-D in the stomach.
What kind of cells are found as you go down? (4 types)
A: surface mucous cells
B: gastric pits
C: gastric glands
D: muscularis mucosae
Mucus neck cells (secrete mucus) -> Parietal cells (secrete HCl and IF) -> Endocrine cells (secrete hormones) -> Chief cells (secrete pepsinogen) - in base of pits
Identify A-E in the stomach
A: parietal cell (round)
B: chief cell
C: gastric pit
D: mucous neck cell (paler)
E: lamina propria
Label A-D of the oesophageal-gastric junction
A: gastric simple columnar, glandular mucosa
B: oesophageal stratified squamous epithelium
C: lamina propria
D: muscularis mucosae
Label A-D of the small intestine.
What are the arrows and bracket indicating?
A: mucosa
B: submucosa
C: muscularis propria/externa
D: serosa
Arrows: villi
Bracket: plicae circulares (larger folds)
Label the 3 types of cell found in the small intestine epithelium.
Arrows: goblet cells
Star: typical simple columnar enterocyte
Arrow head: MALT
What type of structure is indicated here?
What kinds of cells are found here?
Crypts of Lieberkuhn in small intestine. Glands.
Enterocytes, SC, endocrine cell, paneth cell
What type of cell is indicated here?
Paneth cell in Crypt of Lieberkuhn
Label A-C in the large intestine.
How does it differ from the small intestine?
A: mucosa
B: submucosa
C: taenia coli (3 bands of longitudinal SM in muscularis externa)
No villi and longer glands
What is G in the duodenum?
Brunner’s Glands, produce mucus-rich alkaline secretion
What is the yellow arrow pointing to in the small intestine?
Peyer’s patches (GALT) - lymphoid follicles for protection, lymphocytes make it blue.
Note the submucosa going outwards, plicae circulares
Label A and B in the large intestine.
A: tubular glands in mucosa (don’t stain well b/c lots of goblet cells there).
B: MALT/GALT
Note thin line of muscularis mucosae.
Where are the following mucosa found?
A: small intestine - villi in crypts
B: oesophagus - stratifed squamous epithelium
C: stomach - thick mucosa and glandular portion at top, see gastric pits and extended glandular portions
D: large intestine - colon, simple tubular glands with lots of goblet cells
Label the yellow, blue and red structures.
Yellow = innermost intercostal
Blue = internal intercostal
Red = external intercostal (finishes mid-clavicular)
Label A-F (nerve supply to abdomen).
What are the dermatome landmarks of the nerve supply to the abdomen?
A: subcostal
B: iliohypogastric
C: ilioinguinal
D: Obturator
E: Femoral
F: genitofemoral
T7 - xiphoid, T10 - umbillicus, T12 - subcostal nerve, L1 - iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves (both part of lumbar plexus).
Label A-E
A: rectus abdominis
B: linea alba
C: ASIS
D: inguinal ligament
E: tendinous intersection
Label A-E of the spermatic cord
A: genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
B: testicular artery
C: ductus deferens
D: pampiniform venous plexus
E: ilioinguinal nerve
Label A-D
A: ductus deferens
B: testicular vessels
C: genitofemoral nerve
D: ilioinguinal nerve
Label A-G
A: internal spermatic fascia
B: cremaster muscle
C: external spermatic fascia
D: transverse fascia
E: transverse abdominis
F: internal oblique
G: external oblique
Label A-C
A: oral cavity
B: pharynx
C: oesophagus
Label 1-4 and state their functions.
1: Lips - control entry/exit to mouth
2: Teeth - moved by muscles of mastication, break down food mechanically
3: Salivary glands - chemically digest food
4: Tongue - moves food to back of mouth
5: Soft palate - prevents food passing to nasal cavity
6: Tonsils - immunological defence
Label A-D of the skull.
A: coronoid process
B: ramus
C: mandibular foramen - mandibular branch of trigeminal runs through
D: mental foramen - inferior alveolar nerve runs through (branch of mandibular nerve)
Label A-D
What does C do?
A: styloid process
B: stylohyoid ligament
C: hyoid
D: thyroid cartilage
Floating bone in neck, not directly articulated with any bones. Connected by a membrane to larynx. Lots of muscles attach to hyoid bone, moving it up/down with larynx following.
Label the muscles A and B, and the nerve branches 1-5.
A: orbcularis oris (sphincter muscle)
B: buccinator (makes up cheek)
C: orbicularis oculi
D: frontalis (raises eyebrows)
All innervated by facial nerve, coming out of stylomastoid foramen
FACIAL NERVE - 1: temporal 2: zygomatic 3: buccal 4: mandibular 5: cervical
What is wrong with this man?
Damaged facial nerve = Bell’s palsy. Facial nerve often injured in relation to parotid gland/idiopathic. One sided facial droop. Paralysis of lower motor neurone, no forehead sparing on LHS.
Label A-E
A: superior alveolar nerve
B: inferior alveolar nerve
C: mandibular foramen
D: lingual nerve
E: mental foramen
Label A-D
A: temporalis
B: masseter
C: lateral pterygoid
D: medial pterygoid
Label the sphenoid bone, and describe what is attached to the parts.
A: lateral pterygoid plates
B: medial pterygoid plates
Medial and lateral pterygoid muscles both attach to lateral pterygoid plate but medial muscle attaches to medial side of lateral plate, and lateral muscle to lateral side.
Label A-C
A: opening of sublingual duct
B: opening of submandibular duct
C: frenulum of tongue
Label the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
What are they all innervated by?
A: palatoglossus
B: stylolglossus
C: hyoglossus
D: genioglossus (chin to tongue)
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE!
Label A-C
What is A’s purpose?
What forms the V shape?
A: vallate papillae
B: foramen caecum
C: lingual tonsil
Specialised taste buds.
Sulcus terminalis (forms the boundary between the 2/3 and 1/3)
Label the following nerves
A: lingual (mandibular nerve)
B: chordae tympani (facial nerve)
C: glossopharyngeal
D: hypoglossal
Label A-D
What are the signs if:
a) LMN lesion of vagus nerve
b) LMN lesion of hypoglossal nerve
Describe C
A: palatoglossal arch (contains palatoglossal muscle)
B: palatopharyngeal arch (contains palatopharyngeal muscle)
C: palatine tonsil
D: uvula
a) uvula deviates away from lesion
b) tongue deviates towards lesion
Collections of lymphoid tissue on each side of the oropharynx, between palatine arches.
What innervates 1-5?
1) Facial nerve
2) Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
3) Facial and glossopharyngeal nerves
4) Hypoglossal nerve
5) Vagus nerve
Label the parts of the pharynx.
What provides sensory innervation of the pharynx?
A: nasopharynx (ends at uvula)
B: oropharynx (ends at tip of epiglottis)
C: laryngopharynx (ends at cricoid cartilage)
Glossopharygeal nerve
Label A-E
A: superior constrictor
B: middle constrictor
C: inferior constrictor
D: superior oesophageal sphincter
E: stylopharyngeus
Label A-F
What does B do?
A: pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
B: opening of the Eustachian tube
C: salpingopharyngeal fold
D: Lingual tonsil
E: Soft palate
F: Palatine tonsil
The 3 tonsils form protective ring around the cavities
Connects pharynx to ear = equilibriates the pressure between the 2
Label A-G
A: hepatic lobule
B: portal tract
C: sinusoids
D: central vein
E: hepatic artery
F: bile duct
G: portal vein
What are outlined?
What is the region called in which the larger vascular and biliary components travel?
Name the 3 major components located in the portal tract
Where is the central vein?
Hepatic lobule
Portal tract
Bile duct, hepatic artery, portal vein
Centre of lobule
Identify A-D.
What kind of collagen is stained black?
A: central vein
B: portal tract
C: hepatocytes
D: sinusoids
Collagen type III or reticulin
What is the structure in the centre of the field? (NB in liver)
Whatis found between the cords of the hepatocytes?
Central vein
Hepatic sinusoids
Identify A-C of the portal tract.
Which direction does blood and bile flow?
A: bile duct (cuboidal epithelium)
B: hepatic artery (muscular wall)
C: portal vein (thin wall, wide lumen)
Blood: from portal tract into sinusoids. Bile: from hepatocytes in bile duct towards duodenum. So opposite.
Label the types of hepatocyte cell death and their clinical significance
A: zonal: paracetamol poisioning/cardiac failure
B: bridging: severe hepatitis
C: interface hepatitis: autoimmune hepatitis
D: apoptotic: acute viral hepititis
What can you see in this histology of mild chronic hepatitis?
Lymphocyte infiltrate (arrows) (confined to portal tract)
What can you see in this histology of hepatitis?
Portal tract (PT) expansion with inflammatory cells and fibrous tissue. There is interface hepatitis with spillover of inflammation into adjacent parenchyma.
What can you see in this liver histology?
Acute viral hepatitis showing destruction of lobular architecture, inflammatory cells in the sinusoids, and hepatocyte apoptosis (arrow).
What are A and B in this liver specimin from a chronic alcoholic patient?
A: regeneration nodule
B: fibrocollagenous tissue
What is the most likely diagnosis of this liver tumour?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Label A-F.
What is the blue area?
What is the green area?
What is the orange area?
A: lesser omentum
B: falciform ligament
C: stomach
D: greater omentum
E: visceral peritoneum
F: parietal peritoneum
Blue: lesser sac
Green: supracolic of greater sac
Orange: infracolic of greater sac
What is this?
Lesser omentum - from inferior liver to lesser curvature of the stomach
What are the following indicating (and state where they go to and from):
a) green arrow
b) blue arrow
c) pink arrow
a) Greater omentum - from stomach (greater curvature) to transverse colon
b) Transverse mesocolon - from transverse colon to posterior body wall
c) Mesentary - from small intestine to posterior body body wall
Label the subdivisions of the peritoneal cavity.
a) supracolic compartment (contains stomach, liver, spleen)
b) infracolic compartment (contains small intesting, ascending and descending colon)
c) R infracolic gutter
d) L infracolic gutter
* Fluid passes through greater sac if someone is standing - fluid drains down through peritoneal cavity towards pelvis.*
Label A-F
A: L gastric
B: R gastric
C: gastroduodenal
D: R gastroepiploic
E: L gastroepiploic
F: short gastric (off of splenic artery)
NB: splenic artery = retroperitoneal
Label A-E of the superior mesenteric artery.
A: marginal artery (forms anastomoses between superior and inferior mesenteric)
B: middle colic
C: R colic
D: ileocolic (artery to caecum)
E: appendicular
F: jejunal and ileal branches
Label A-E on this angiogram of the superior mesenteric artery.
A: middle colic
B: R. colic
C: iliocolic
D: SMA
E: arterial arcades
F: jejunal branches
Label A-D of the inferior mesenteric artery.
A: marginal artery
B: L colic (goes to descending colon)
C: sigmoid
D: superior rectal
Label A-E on this angiogram of the inferior mesenteric artery.
A: L colic
B: IMA
C: Marginal artery
D: sigmoidal branches
E: superior rectal
Label A-D
A: hepatic portal vein
B: superior mesenteric vein (goes behind pancreas and up to liver)
C: splenic vein
D: inferior mesenteric vein
Label A-G
What does the portal tract consist of?
A: portal vein
B: bile duct (goes in opposite direction to portal vein, biliary epithelial cells make bile)
C: hepatic arteriole
D: hepatocyte
E: Kupffer cell - specialised macrophage
F: sinusoid (leaky - allows transfer of molecules and helps cells move)
G: central vein - leads to 3 hepatic veins which drain to inferior vena cava
Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct
Label A-E
A: gastric pit
B: mucus cell
C: parietal cell (produce acid)
D: chief cell (produce pepsinogen)
E: G cell (secretes gastrin - hormonal regulation of other cells)
Label A-E on the visceral surface of the liver
What structres does D contain?
A: quadrate lobe (square shape)
B: caudate lobe (has tail)
C: ligamentum venosum
D: porta hepatis <em>(deep fissure in the inferior surface of the liver through which all the neurovascular structures (except hepatic veins) and hepatic ducts enter or leave the liver)</em>
E: IVC
Portal triad: bile duct + hepatic artery proper + portal vein, and lymph nodes and autonomic fibres
What are A-C, and what are they seen here through?
A: portal vein
B: hepatic artery
C: bile duct
Free border of lesser omentum (anterior to epiploic foramen). NB. lesser omentum = hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments
What can you see here?
L: oesophageal varices v. obvious
R: splenomegaly
What can you see here?
Red arrow and A: ascites
B: gallbladder
Label A-H, the veins of the rectum and anal canal
A: internal iliac vein
B: middle rectal vein
C: inferior rectal vein
D: inferior mesenteric vein
E: Superior rectal vein
F: internal venous plexus
G: external venous plexus
H: pectinate (dentate) line
Label A-F of the biliary tree
A: cyctic duct (contains spiral valve)
B: L + R hepatic ducts
C: common hepatic duct
D: bile duct
E: (hepatopancreatic) ampulla of Vater
F: major duodenal papilla surrounded by sphincter of Oddi
Label the blood supply to the gall bladder
A: Calot’s triangle (formed by inferior border of liver, cystic and hepatic ducts
B: Cystic artery
C: R and L hepatic arteries
D: Common hepatic artery
Label A-C in this endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
A: cystic duct
B: hepatic duct
C: pancreatic duct
What are A and B in this ultrasound slide (positve FAST scan)?
A: fluid in potential peritoneal space = makes it a real space. Could be blood or ascites.
B: R kidney
Label A-D of this kidney transverse section.
A: pararenal fat
B: renal capsule
C: perirenal fat (surrounds kidney)
D: renal fascia (gerota’s facia)
E: abdominal muscles
F: quadratus laborum
G: psoas
Label A - C on this para-sagittal section (RHS) of the kidney.
A: hepatorenal recess
B: fascia and fat (kidney in own layer of deep fascia)
C: peritoneum
What can you see here?
What could have caused this?
Trauma to back e.g. kick
Label A-F of the kidney
A: cortex
B: medullary pyramid
C: minor calyx
D: major calyx
E: pelvis
F: renal papilla
Label A-E
A: aorta
B: duodenum
C: R renal vein
D: pancreas
E: spleen
Label A-E
A: levator ani (pelvic floor)
B: detrusor muscle
C: trigone
D: internal urethral orifice
E: external urinary sphincter (voluntary)
Label A-F
A: ureteric orifice
B: trigone
C: internal urethral orifice
D: prostate
E: voluntary external sphincter
F: (from top to bottom) prostatic, membranous and spongy urethra
Label A-D in the glomerulus
A: DCT
B: macula densa
C: extraglomerular mesangial cells
D: JG cells
What is A in the thyroid?
Colloid
Label A-C. In what bone does the pituitary lie?
A: pituitary fossa
B: hypothalamus
C: pituitary gland (ant)
Sphenoid bone
Identify the most prominent cell type in this photomicrograph (A). What is B?
A. Chief cell (prod PTH)
B. Oxyphil
Name the four layers labelled A-D in these two photomicrographs of the adrenal gland.
A- Zona glomerulosa
B- Zona fasciculata
C- Zona reticularis
D- Medulla
Identify the structures labelled C and D in these images of the adrenal gland.
C- zona reticularis cells are relatively small and have few lipid droplets than other cortical layer therefore stain darker
D- medulla
What is the arrow indicating in this image of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
Lymphoid follicle
Normal thyroid gland on the L. What does the one on the R show?
Thyrotoxic hyperplasia as a result of Graves’ disease: follicular cells taller and larger nuclei, colloid shows scalloping (S) (= increased use of stored colloid to produce T4) follicules smaller and may bunch up (P) = papillae
Label A-F in the cavernous sinus
A) internal carotid
B) CN III (oculomotor)
C) CN IV (trochlear)
D) CNV (trigeminal) - V1 (opthalmic)
E) CNV (trigeminal) - V2 (maxillary)
F) CN VI - (abducens)
Pituitary tumour compresses cranial nerves first
Label the following structures anterior to the thyroid gland.
A: hyoid
B: thyroid
C: cricoid
D: thyrohyoid
E: sternothyroid
F: omohyoid (attached to scapula - omo = shoulder)
G: sternohyoid
Also suprahyoid = contract and pull up hyoid, larynx follows. Infrahyoid = ovelies the 4 muscles in the picture
Label the blood supply to the pancreas.
A) common hepatic
B) gastroduodenal
C) superior pancreatoduodenal (supplies mostly head)
D) inferior pancreatoduodenal (first banch off superior mesenteric, anastamoses with superior pancreatoduodenal)
E) splenic artery (gives off F, supplies most of body and tail)
F) transverse pancreatic
Label A-G
A) cystic duct
B) L and R hepatic ducts
C) common hepatic duct
D) common bile duct (runs down in free border of lesser omentum)
E) hepatopancreatic ampulla
F) minor duodenal papilla
G) major duodenal papilla (drains tail, body and head of pancreas)
Accessory duct drains ulcinate process
