6. Mouth to Oesophagus Flashcards
Label A-C
A: oral cavity
B: pharynx
C: oesophagus
Label 1-4 and state their functions.
1: Lips - control entry/exit to mouth
2: Teeth - moved by muscles of mastication, break down food mechanically
3: Salivary glands - chemically digest food
4: Tongue - moves food to back of mouth
5: Soft palate - prevents food passing to nasal cavity
6: Tonsils - immunological defence
Label A-D of the skull.
A: coronoid process
B: ramus
C: mandibular foramen - mandibular branch of trigeminal runs through
D: mental foramen - inferior alveolar nerve runs through (branch of mandibular nerve)
Label A-D
What does C do?
A: styloid process
B: stylohyoid ligament
C: hyoid
D: thyroid cartilage
Floating bone in neck, not directly articulated with any bones. Connected by a membrane to larynx. Lots of muscles attach to hyoid bone, moving it up/down with larynx following.
Label the muscles A and B, and the nerve branches 1-5.
A: orbcularis oris (sphincter muscle)
B: buccinator (makes up cheek)
C: orbicularis oculi
D: frontalis (raises eyebrows)
All innervated by facial nerve, coming out of stylomastoid foramen
FACIAL NERVE - 1: temporal 2: zygomatic 3: buccal 4: mandibular 5: cervical
What is wrong with this man?
Damaged facial nerve = Bell’s palsy. Facial nerve often injured in relation to parotid gland/idiopathic. One sided facial droop. Paralysis of lower motor neurone, no forehead sparing on LHS.
What does the trigeminal nerve do?
What are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve, and are they sensory or motor?
What innervates the upper and lower teeth?
Provides the sensory innervation for the whole face.
Opthalmic (V1, sensory), Maxillary (V2, sensory), Mandibular (V3, sensory and motor)
Upper: maxillary (V2) via the superior alveolar nerve
Lower: mandibular (V3) via inferior alverolar nerve, runs through mandibular foramen to enter mandible. Also has mental nerve coming out of mental foramen innervating chin skin, and lingual nerve involved in tongue sensation
Label A-E
A: superior alveolar nerve
B: inferior alveolar nerve
C: mandibular foramen
D: lingual nerve
E: mental foramen
Describe the permanent dentition.
What are the muscles of mastication innervated by?
List the muscles of mastication and their movements.
32 teeth: 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars (2 cusps) and 6 molars (3 cusps) in both jaws
Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve: move mandible WRT the facial skeleton.
Temporalis (elevation and retraction of jaw), masseter (elevation and protrusion), lateral pterygoid (depression and protrusion) and medial pterygoid (elevation and protrusion).
Label A-D
A: temporalis
B: masseter
C: lateral pterygoid
D: medial pterygoid
Label the sphenoid bone, and describe what is attached to the parts.
A: lateral pterygoid plates
B: medial pterygoid plates
Medial and lateral pterygoid muscles both attach to lateral pterygoid plate but medial muscle attaches to medial side of lateral plate, and lateral muscle to lateral side.
Which cranial nerve innervates each muscle?
A: facial
B: facial
C: trigeminal - mandibular
D: spinal accessory
E: facial
What are the 3 paired salivary glands, annd what are they innervated by?
Where do they drain into the mouth?
Parotid (glossopharyngeal), submandibular, sublingual (both facial)
Patorid: pierces buccinator. Drains via parotid duct and enters mouth at level of upper 2nd molar
Sublingual and submandibular: drain into mouth either side of frenulum of tongue
Label A-C
A: opening of sublingual duct
B: opening of submandibular duct
C: frenulum of tongue
Describe the muscular structure of the tongue, including its motor innervation.
What do the differnt categories of muscles do?
Composed of 2 groups of skeletal muscles: intrinsic and extrinsic, covered by mucous membrane. Motor nerve supply from hypoglossal nerve.
Intrinsic: change shape of tongue (arranged in diff directions: superior and inferior longitudinal, vertical, and transverse)
Extrinsic: change where tongue is (4 diff muscles)
Label the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
What are they all innervated by?
A: palatoglossus
B: stylolglossus
C: hyoglossus
D: genioglossus (chin to tongue)
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE!
Why does the posterior part of the tongue look bulky?
How is the tongue divided up regarding special (taste) and general sensation (= sensory)?
And motor?
Tonsil there (lingual tonsil)
Anterior 2/3: chordae tympani (SS), lingual nerve (V3) (GS)
Posterior 1/3: glossopharyngeal (SS), glossopharyngeal (GS)
All hypoglossal
Label A-C
What is A’s purpose?
What forms the V shape?
A: vallate papillae
B: foramen caecum
C: lingual tonsil
Specialised taste buds.
Sulcus terminalis (forms the boundary between the 2/3 and 1/3)
Label the following nerves
A: lingual (mandibular nerve)
B: chordae tympani (facial nerve)
C: glossopharyngeal
D: hypoglossal
What is the hard palate composed of?
Where is the soft palate, and what is it composed of?
What is the job of the soft palate?
What innervates the muscles of the soft palate?
Maxilla and palatine bones.
Posterior to hard palate. Composed of muscles covered by mucous membrane.
Elevates when swallowing to prevent food entering nasal cavity.
Vagus nerve.
Label A-D
What are the signs if:
a) LMN lesion of vagus nerve
b) LMN lesion of hypoglossal nerve
Describe C
A: palatoglossal arch (contains palatoglossal muscle)
B: palatopharyngeal arch (contains palatopharyngeal muscle)
C: palatine tonsil
D: uvula
a) uvula deviates away from lesion
b) tongue deviates towards lesion
Collections of lymphoid tissue on each side of the oropharynx, between palatine arches.
What innervates 1-5?
1) Facial nerve
2) Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
3) Facial and glossopharyngeal nerves
4) Hypoglossal nerve
5) Vagus nerve
Label the parts of the pharynx.
What provides sensory innervation of the pharynx?
A: nasopharynx (ends at uvula)
B: oropharynx (ends at tip of epiglottis)
C: laryngopharynx (ends at cricoid cartilage)
Glossopharygeal nerve
What 3 muscles constrict the walls of the pharynx during swallowing (peristalsis)?
What innervates them?
What elevates the pharynx during swallowing, and what innervates it?
What stops air entering oesophagus?
Superior, middle and inferior constrictor.
Vagus nerve
Stylopharyngeus. Glossopharyngeal nerve (only motor supply it has).
Thickening of inferior constrictor = superior oesophageal sphincter
Label A-E
A: superior constrictor
B: middle constrictor
C: inferior constrictor
D: superior oesophageal sphincter
E: stylopharyngeus
Label A-F
What does B do?
A: pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
B: opening of the Eustachian tube
C: salpingopharyngeal fold
D: Lingual tonsil
E: Soft palate
F: Palatine tonsil
The 3 tonsils form protective ring around the cavities
Connects pharynx to ear = equilibriates the pressure between the 2
What stimulates the gag reflex?
What does it involve?
Where is the oesophagus in relation to the trachea?
Touching posterior pharyngeal wall (glossopharyngeal nerve).
Brisk and brief elevation of the soft palate and contraction of pharyngeal muscles (vagus nerve).
Behind it
What is the oesophagus composed of?
What is it innervated by?
What are the 3 points of oesophageal constrictions, and their location/function?
Superior 1/3 = skeletal/striated muscle, Inferior 1/3 = smooth muscle. Middle = mixture of the two.
Vagus nerve (oesophageal plexus)
1) Upper oesophageal sphincter (cervical constriction) - top of oesophagus, keep food from going down windpipe (reflux) and prevents air entering oesophagus
2) Thoracic constriction (L bronchus and aortic arch crosses over front of oesophagus = compresses oesophagus a bit)
3) Lower oesophageal sphincter (where oesophagus passes through diaphragm - oesophageal hiatus) - closed = prevents acid + stomach contents travelling backwards
