Sport psychology (P2)

Question 1

Define skill

Answer 1

A learned action to bring about the result you want nat with certainty and minimum effort.

Question 2

Define ability

Answer 2

Trait that determines an individual’s potential to acquire skill. Inherited from parents and remain fairly stable throughout life.

Question 3

Explain basic skill and give an example

Answer 3

Doesn’t need much thought or decision making to do
-few decisions to be made
-learnt fairly quickly

E.g running

Question 4

Explain complex skill with an example

Answer 4

Needs lots of thought or decisions making. Taught after experiencing success with basic skill
E.g a somersault in trampolining

Question 5

Explain gross skill and give an example

Answer 5

Involves powerful movements performed by large muscle groups e.g sprinting, long jump

Question 6

Explain fine skill and give an example

Answer 6

Uses smaller muscle groups to carry out precise movement that require accuracy and precision
E.g throwing a dart

Question 7

Define an open skill and give an example

Answer 7

Performed in unstable environment where it’s affected by the people around you.

E.g pass in football

Question 8

Define a closed skill and give an example

Answer 8

A skill that is always performed the same way in a stable environment

E.g sprinting 100m, pivoting, somersault

Question 9

Define self-paced skill and give an example

Answer 9

Start of movement, speed and pace is controlled by the performer.

E.g choosing when and how fast to run in long jump

Question 10

Define externally paced skill and give an example

Answer 10

Start of movement, speed and pace is determined by external factors

E.g gun signalling start of race, making a player in netball

Question 11

Define performance goals and give an example

Answer 11

Personal standards to be achieved where performers compare themselves against previous attempts.

E.g PB, improve tackle technique

Question 12

Define outcome goals and give an example

Answer 12

Goals that are focused on end result and performing better than other people

E.g winning, coming second in the tournament

Question 13

What are the SMART targets with examples using football.

Answer 13

Specific: score 15 goals in a season in football
Measurable: number of goals recorded by coach
Accepted: coach and performer agree
Realistic: previously scored 12 goals in one season
Time-bound: set at start of season and will finish counting at the end

Question 14

Use the information processing model to explain catching a ball

Answer 14

Input- watch flight of the ball and determining where it is going using selective attention where the performer chooses relevant signal of information
Decision making- chooses a skill (catching a ball) from short term and long term memory from previous successes.
Output- decision choice signal on how you are going to catch is sent to arm muscles.
Feedback- kinaesthetic feedback where you get feedback from receptors in the arm to tell you how well you caught it.

Question 15

Use the information processing model to explain taking a penalty

Answer 15

Input- use selective attention to block out distraction and noise from the crowd and focus on ball and the goal and the goalkeeper
Decision making- decide on best way to perform penalty based on your previous practice of penalties
Output- your brain sends signals to muscles to tell where to aim the short and how powerful to kick it
Feedback- extrinsic feedback from coach telling you what you did right/ wrong.

Question 16

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of verbal guidance

Answer 16

Advantages:
.can be combined with other types of guidance
.helpful for elite athletes who understand technical language

Disadvantages:
.less useful for beginners who might find it confusing if it uses complicated language
.less useful for complex skills which are difficult to explain

Question 17

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of visual guidance

Answer 17

Advantages:
.works well for beginners- they can copy the skill
.can be used for closed skills that are always repeated the same way
.slow motion videos can be useful to highlight small details of a skill for elite performers

Disadvantage:
.lessuseful for complex and open skills
.have ti be clear and simple in order to be uesful for beginners

Question 18

Define manual guidance and give an example

Answer 18

When the coach physically moves your body through the technique.

E.g a coach guiding your arms when practising a golf swing

Question 19

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of manual guidance

Answer 19

Advantages:
.useful for beginners to get a feel pf a skill before doing it on their own
.helpful for teaching complex skill

Disadvantages:
.a performer could start to rely on it and not be able to do the skill without it
.difficult to use with big groups of learner

Question 20

Define mechanical guidance and give an example

Answer 20

Guidance using sports equipment.

E.g harness on the trampoline

Question 21

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of mechanical guidance

Answer 21

Advantages:
.useful for beginners as they can feel safe while practicing a new skill
.helpful for teaching complex skills

Disadvantages:
.a learner might be unable to perform the skill without the help of the equipment
.difficult to use in large groups

Question 22

Define and say who it’s best for:
-Intrinsic
-Extrinsic

Answer 22

Intrinsic= knowing how well you did the technique because of what it felt like. Best for elite performers.

Extrinsic= someone else tells you or shows you what happened and how to improve. Suited for beginners as they don’t have the experience or knowledge accurately assess their own performance.

Question 23

Define:
-KoP
-KoR

Answer 23

KoP= knowledge of performance- using extrinsic or intrinsic feedback to focus on how successful your movements and techniques were regardless the result. Best for elites.

KoR= knowledge of results- usually using extrinsic feedback and data to focus on the outcome. Best for beginners.

Question 24

Who is negative feedback best for?

Answer 24

Elites because it can help to motivate them by setting a goal to aim for but for beginners it could be demotivating.

Question 25

Define arousal

Answer 25

A mental and physical state of alertness/ excitedness.

Question 26

Explain the relationship between arousal and performance

Answer 26

.If arousal is low (under arousal), your performance will be low
.As arousal increases so does performance to a certain point (optimal arousal)
.After that, as arousal increases, performance decreases (over arousal)

Question 27

Why does arousal help performance?

Answer 27

You’ll be determined and ready to perform your skills well

Question 28

Why might over arousal worsen your performance?

Answer 28

You might become anxious and nervous. You might become tense which can cause you to choke. You might also get overaggressive.

Question 29

What type of skills need high arousal? Which need low?

Answer 29

Gross skills need high arousal.

Fine skills need low arousal.

Question 30

How can you control arousal?

Answer 30

.Deep breathing
.Mental rehearsal
.Positive self talk

Question 31

Define motivation

Answer 31

The drive to succeed or the desire to achieve something

Question 32

Define:
-Intrinsic motivation
-Extrinsic motivation

Answer 32

Intrinsic motivation- drive that comes from within a performer with the reward of self satisfaction or pride.
Extrinsic motivation-drive experienced by a performer when striving to achieve a reward from an outside source.

Question 33

Name and explain the two types of rewards from extrinsic motivation

Answer 33

Tangible- something physical you can touch e.g a certificate, medal

Intangible- something that cannot be touched e.g praise

Question 34

Which motivation is usually most effective? Why?

Answer 34

Intrinsic motivation because you’re more likely to try hard in sport and carry on playing in the long run

Question 35

What is the advantage and disadvantage of extrinsic motivation?

Answer 35

Advantage:
.rewards and praise make you feel good about yourself so you’re likely to want to perform well again.

Disadvantage:
.too many rewards can blind performer from the reason they wanted to play in the first place.

Question 36

Define aggression

Answer 36

The deliberate intent to harm or injure another person

Question 37

Define direct aggression and give an example

Answer 37

Involves physical contact with another person
e.g rugby scrum, rugby tackles

Question 38

What are the traits of introverts? What sports and skills are they likely to do?

Answer 38

.shy, like being alone
.do fine skills that need low arousal
.prefer individual sports

Question 39

Define indirect aggression

Answer 39

Doesn’t involve physical contact and is taken out on an object to gain an advantage.

e.g a powerfully performed smash in tennis

Question 40

What are the traits of extroverts? What sports and skills are they likely to do?

Answer 40

.sociable and talkative with people
.team sports as they might get bored by themselves
.gross skills that need high arousal