Sporozoa Flashcards
Known species
I. Plasmodium Vivax II. Plasmodium Ovale III. Plasmodium Malariae IV. Plasmodium Falciparum V. Plasmodium Knowlesi
Vector for Plasmodium spp
Female anopheles mosquito, via skin inoculation
Locomotion for Plasmodium spp?
No definite organ for locomotion
Intraerythrocytic parasites
embedded in RBC
Two life cycles of Plasmodium spp?
I. Sexual Phase
II. Asexual Phase
Host for Plasmodium spp?
I. Requires two hosts
II. Other MOT: Transplacental Blood Transfusion
What initially develops in hepatic cells?
Cryptozoite
Vegetative state containing 1 nucleus and develops within RBC?
Trophozoite (Ring)
Trophozoite which the nucleus has divided
Schizont
Cell resulting from the final division of schizont or cryptozoite
Morozoite
Cell resulting from the final division of schizont or cryptozoite
Morozoite
Dormant stage that persist in liver or hepatic cells (Only in Falciparum and Ovale)
Hypnozoite
Sexual differentiated but immature cells
Gametocyte
Paroxysm for P. vivax?
48 hours
Paroxysm for P. ovale?
48 hours
Paroxysm for P. malariae?
72 hours
Paroxysm for Falciparum?
36-48 hours
Plasmodium Vivax
I. Benign Tertian Malaria (2-day interval)
II. _____ Malaria
III. In Ring form: The parasite may be seen to be ______-shaped mass at the outer edge of ____, in location known as _____ or applique
IV. All morphologic forms can be seen in _____ Blood
V. Infects the young and immature cells
VI. Infected RBC’s are _____ and distorted
I. Benign Tertian Malaria (2-day interval)
II. Vivax Malaria
III. In Ring form: The parasite may be seen to be crescent-shaped mass at the outer edge of RBC, in location known as accole or applique
IV. All morphologic forms can be seen in Peripheral Blood
V. Infects the young and immature cells
VI. Infected RBC’s are enlarged and distorted
Plasmodium Ovale
I. Benign Tertian Malaria (___-day interval)
II. ____ Malaria
III. Infects the ____ and immature cells
IV. Infected RBC’s appeared to be oval, enlarged, and _____ with ragged cell walls
V. All morphologic forms can be seen in peripheral blood
I. Benign Tertian Malaria (2-day interval)
II. Ovale Malaria
III. Infects the young and immature cells
IV. Infected RBC’s appeared to be oval, enlarged, and distorted with ragged cell walls
V. All morphologic forms can be seen in peripheral blood
Plasmodium Malariae
I. ____ Malaria (3-day Interval)
II. ______ Malaria
III. Developing trophozoites, immature, and mature schizonts can be seen in peripheral blood
IV. Infects mature cells à Old/Senescent RBC’s
V. Infected RBC’s appeared to be ____, no distortion in their size
I. Quartan Malaria (3-day Interval)
II. Malarial Malaria
III. Developing trophozoites, immature, and mature schizonts can be seen in peripheral blood
IV. Infects mature cells à Old/Senescent RBC’s
V. Infected RBC’s appeared to be normal, no distortion in their size
Plasmodium Falciparum I. Causes: -\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ Fever -Malignant Tertian Malaria (\_\_-day interval) - Aestivoautumnal Malarial - Subtertian Malaria - Falciparum Malarial II. Peripheral Blood: Mild to moderate infection: \_\_\_\_\_ forms and Gametocyte Severe infection: Trophozoite and \_\_\_\_\_\_ III. May infect \_\_\_\_\_ of all ages IV. Infected RBC’s are normal in size, no distortion
I. Causes:
-Black Water Fever
-Malignant Tertian Malaria (2 day interval)
- Aestivoautumnal Malarial
- Subtertian Malaria
- Falciparum Malarial
II. Peripheral Blood:
Mild to moderate infection: Ring forms and Gametocyte –Severe infection: Trophozoite and Schizont
III. May infect cells of all ages
IV. Infected RBC’s are normal in size, no distortion
Plasmodium Knowlesi
I. Parasite of _____ _____ Monkeys
II. Recently identified in humans suffering from malaria in Malaysia
III. Morphologically similar to P. _____ and P. Falciparum
I. Parasite of Old World Monkeys
II. Recently identified in humans suffering from malaria in Malaysia
III. Morphologically similar to P. Malariae and P. Falciparum
What is the ring structure of P. vivax? I. Has delicate cytoplasmic \_\_\_\_\_ II. Cytoplasmic Granules: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Dots III. Single Chromatin Dot IV. Ring surrounds a vacuole V. Accole possibly forms
I. Has delicate cytoplasmic ring II. Cytoplasmic Granules: Schuffner’s Dots III. Single Chromatin Dot IV. Ring surrounds a vacuole V. Accole possibly forms
What is the morphologic form of the developing trophozoite in P. vivax?
I. Has an _______ amoeboid appearance
II. Ring remnants common
III. _______, large chromatin dot is present
IV. _______
(Remnant of the parasite) becomes apparent in the cytoplasm. (Increases visibility)
I. Has an irregular amoeboid appearance
II. Ring remnants common
III. Single, large chromatin dot is present
IV. Hemozoin
(Remnant of the parasite) becomes apparent in the cytoplasm. (Increases visibility)
Schizont fot P. vivax?
I. Immature:
-Has multiple chromatin bodies; often contains clumps of ______ pigment
-Cytoplasmic material is present and often contains clumps of ________
II. Mature:
-12-24 ______ occupy the RBC, making it hard to distinguish the RBC
-Brown pigment may be present
I. Immature:
-Has multiple chromatin bodies; often contains clumps of brown pigment
-Cytoplasmic material is present and often contains clumps of hemozoin
II. Mature:
-12-24 merozoites occupy the RBC, making it hard to distinguish the RBC
-Brown pigment may be present
Microgametocyte for P. vivax?
I. Has a large _____ to purple chromatin (With Giemsa Stain)
II. Mass surrounded by _______ to pale halo
III. Even distributed cytoplasmic hemozoin is usually visible
I. Has a large pink to purple chromatin (With Giemsa Stain)
II. Mass surrounded by colorless to pale halo
III. Even distributed cytoplasmic hemozoin is usually visible
Macrogametocyte for P. vivax I. \_\_\_\_\_ pigment is common II. Has round to \_\_\_\_ cytoplasm III. \_\_\_\_\_ Chromatin Mass IV. Has a delicate light brown pigment
I. Brown pigment is common
II. Has round to oval cytoplasm
III. Eccentric Chromatin Mass
IV. Has a delicate light brown pigment
Ring form of P. ovale?
I. Most similar in P. _____
II. Ring is larger and _____ than P. vivax
III. Ring is has more _____ appearance than the ring in P. vivax
IV. Cytoplasmic Granules: ______ dots / James Dots (Often larger and darker than P.Vivax)
I. Most similar in P. vivax
II. Ring is larger and thicker than P. vivax
III. Ring is has more ameboid appearance than the ring in P. vivax
IV. Cytoplasmic Granules: Schuffner’s dots / James Dots (Often larger and darker than P.Vivax)
Trophozoite of P. ovale?
I. Maintains its _____ appearance as it matures
II. The amoeboid tendencies common are less evident than P. vivax
I. Maintains its ring appearance as it matures
II. The amoeboid tendencies common are less evident than P. vivax
Schizont of P. ovale?
I. Immature:
-Progressive dividing chromatin material surrounded by cytoplasmic material, often maintains a ______ shape
II. Mature:
-Characterized by a Rosette arrangement of merozoites (__-__)
-Occupies 75% of the RBC
I. Immature:
-Progressive dividing chromatin material surrounded by cytoplasmic material, often maintains a circular shape
II. Mature:
-Characterized by a Rosette arrangement of merozoites (8-14)
-Occupies 75% of the RBC
Microgametocyte of P. ovale?
Resembles mostly like P. Vivax but smaller
Macrogametocyte for P. ovale?
Resembles mostly like P. Vivax but smaller
Ring form of P. malariae? I. Cytoplasmic Granules: -\_\_\_\_\_\_ dots -Smaller than P. \_\_\_\_ (Occupies 1/6 of the RBC) -Connected by a heavy chromatin dot -Vacuole may appear filled in
I. Cytoplasmic Granules:
- Ziemann’s dots
- Smaller than P. Vivax (Occupies 1/6 of the RBC)
- Connected by a heavy chromatin dot
- Vacuole may appear filled in
Trophozoite of P. malariae?
I. Non-amoeboid solid cytoplasm that may assume _____ to ____ shape
II. Cytoplasm contains ____ _____ pigment, may mask chromatin material
III. Vacuoles ______ in mature stages
I. Non-amoeboid solid cytoplasm that may assume roundish to bar shape
II. Cytoplasm contains dark brown pigment, may mask chromatin material
III. Vacuoles absent in mature stages
Schizont of P. malariae
I. Immature:
-Similar to P. Vivax, only _____, may contain large and dark central granules
II. Mature:
-Has __-___ merozoites arranged in rosette or irregular clusters
-Brown ____ pigment in central arrangement may be visible
-Infected RBC may not be seen completely
I. Immature:
-Similar to P. Vivax, only smaller, may contain large and dark central granules
II. Mature:
-Has 6-12 merozoites arranged in rosette or irregular clusters
-Brown green pigment in central arrangement may be visible
-Infected RBC may not be seen completely
Microgametocyte of P. malariae?
I. Similar to P. Vivax BUT pigment is usually ____ and coarser
II. Older forms of microgametocytes are _____ in shape
I. Similar to P. Vivax BUT pigment is usually darker and coarser
II. Older forms of microgametocytes are oval in shape
Macrogametocyte of P. malariae?
I. Resembles mostly of P. Vivax, as with P. Malariae microgametocyte.
II. Darker and _____
III. _____ in shape
I. Resembles mostly of P. Vivax, as with P. Malariae microgametocyte.
II. Darker and coarser
III. Oval in shape
Ring form of P. falciparum I. Consists of \_\_\_\_ cytoplasm connected to one or two chromatins (Circle Configuration - Headphone like) II. \_\_\_\_\_ vacuole usually visible III. \_\_\_\_ rings common IV. \_\_\_\_\_ forms possible (Slender) V. Cytoplasmic Granules: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ dots
I. Consists of scanty cytoplasm connected to one or two chromatins (Circle Configuration - Headphone like) II. Small vacuole usually visible III. Multiple rings common IV. Accole forms possible (Slender) V. Cytoplasmic Granules: Maurer’s dots
Trophozoite if P. falciparum?
I. Heavy rings are common (__-__ rings)
II. Fine pigment granules
III. Mature forms only seen in severe infections
I. Heavy rings are common (1-2 rings)
II. Fine pigment granules
III. Mature forms only seen in severe infections
Schizont of P. falciparum?
I. Immature:
-Has _____ chromatin bodies surrounded by cytoplasm
-Only detected in severe infection
II. Mature:
-Typically consist of 8-36 merozoites in ______ arrangement
I. Immature:
-Has multiple chromatin bodies surrounded by cytoplasm
-Only detected in severe infection
II. Mature:
-Typically consist of 8-36 merozoites in cluster arrangement
Microgametocyte of P. falciparum
I. Has a ______- or crescent-shaped
II. Dispersed central chromatin with nearby ____ pigment (visible)
I. Has a sausage- or crescent-shaped
II. Dispersed central chromatin with nearby black pigment (visible)
Macrogametocyte of P. falciparum?
I. Has a sausage- or crescent shaped
II. ______ Chromatin
III. Black pigment surrounding chromatin (visible)
I. Has a sausage- or crescent shaped
II. Compact Chromatin
III. Black pigment surrounding chromatin (visible)
What are the laboratory diagnosis for Malaria?
I. ______ and ____ Blood Smears (Peripheral)
-Giemsa Stained
-Wright’s Stained
-Mixed Infections (Vivax and Falciparum)
II. Collected, in best time, during episodes of ____
-Every __-12__ hours
III. Serologic Tests
-Malarial RDT’s
-Immunochromatographic method in detecting Plasmodium specific antigens (Antigens: HRPII, pLDH)
-Can be performed without electricity, special equipment, training
-Most kits have 90% specificity
IV. PCR
I. Thick and Thin Blood Smears (Peripheral)
-Giemsa Stained
-Wright’s Stained
-Mixed Infections (Vivax and Falciparum)
II. Collected, in best time, during episodes of paroxysms
-Every 6-12 hours
III. Serologic Tests
-Malarial RDT’s
-Immunochromatographic method in detecting Plasmodium specific antigens (Antigens: HRPII, pLDH)
-Can be performed without electricity, special equipment, training
-Most kits have 90% specificity
IV. PCR
What are the characteristics of Babesia species?
I. Parasites of domestic and ____ animals
II. ______ are accidental host
III. Associated with:
-____ Cattle Fever
-Red _____ Fever
IV. Most babesial organisms:
-B. ______
-B. ______
V. Lab Diagnosis
-Giemsa stained blood film (intraerythrocytic parasites)
I. Parasites of domestic and wild animals II. Humans are accidental host III. Associated with: -Texas Cattle Fever -Red Water Fever IV. Most babesial organisms: -B. Microti -B. Divergens V. Lab Diagnosis -Giemsa stained blood film (intraerythrocytic parasites)
What are the two Babesia species?
I. Babesia microti
II. Babesia divergens
Morphology for Babesia microti and Babesia divergens?
2 Forms:
I. Trophozoite: Resembles the ring form of Plasmodium spp
II. Merozoite: 4 trophozoites attached together by chromatin dots (Has a formation of Maltese cross)
