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English Language A-Level > Spoken language > Flashcards

Spoken language Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

What does idiolect mean?

A

Your own unique way of using language. (E.g) your accent, the words you use, hand gestures.

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2
Q

What does filler mean?

A

A word or phrase that fills the gaps in conversation. (E.g) literally, like, you know.

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3
Q

What does non-fluency features mean?

A

A cover term to refer to all the features of spoken language that stop the flow. (E.g) fillers.

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4
Q

What does unvoiced pause mean?

A

A silent pause to allow thinking time in conversation.

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5
Q

What does voiced pause mean?

A

Noises that fill gaps in conversation. (E.g) erm, hmm.

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6
Q

What are prosodic features?

A

HOW something is said. (E.g) stress, volume, pace, pitch, intonation.

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7
Q

What does intonation mean?

A

The rises and falls of pitch of the voice. (E.g) rising intonation is often questioning.

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8
Q

What are paralinguistic features?

A

Non- verbal features. (E.g) body language, hand gestures, eye contact.

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9
Q

What’s CONTEXT in english language?

A

All the background factors that affect the language used. (E.g) time of day, unfamiliar environment, relationships to the person.

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10
Q

What does sociolect mean?

A

The kind of language we draw on to display our membership of specific social groups. (E.g) age, gender, social class, ethnicity, occupation, interests.

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11
Q

What does dialect mean?

A

The accent, lexis and grammar of a specific geographical area.

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12
Q

What does mode mean?

A

Whether a text is spoken or written. Text can be in the spoken mode, written mode, (or multi-modal).

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13
Q

What does multi-modal mean?

A

Text that contain features of both spoken and written language. (E.g) An interview in a newspaper, a play script, text messages.

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14
Q

What are connotations?

A

The associations we have with a word or concept. (E.g) Christmas (snow), Party (music).

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15
Q

What does denotation mean?

A

The dictionary definition of a word/ factual language. (E.g) Christmas (25th December birth of Jesus).

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16
Q

What does register mean?

A

The formality of the language used- texts can be of an informal, formal or mixed register.

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17
Q

What does colloquial language mean?

A

Chatty, informal language
(E.g) mate, cash.

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18
Q

What does slang mean?

A

Non-standard language, short-lived, used often by teenagers.

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19
Q

What does code-switching mean?

A

Changing our language to suit the situation.

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20
Q

What does euphemism mean?

A

Making something sound more pleasant. (E.g) use the bathroom, pass away.

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21
Q

What does dysphemism mean?

A

Making something sound more crude. (E.g) Six feet under.

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22
Q

What are taboo topics?

A

Topics we don’t like to talk about. (E.g) death, bodily functions, sex.

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23
Q

What does instrumental power?

A

The power gained through your status or position. (E.g) A headteacher, a parent.

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24
Q

What does influential power mean?

A

The power to influence through language or actions. (E.g) charity, advert, crying for sympathy/ to persuade someone to do something.

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25
Q

What is an interrogative?

A

A question.

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26
Q

What is a declarative?

A

A statement.

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27
Q

What is an imperative?

A

A command.

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28
Q

What is an exclamative?

A

An exclamation.

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29
Q

What does utterance mean?

A

the spoken version of a sentence.

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30
Q

What does elision mean?

A

Where we merge words together in fast speech. (E.g) Dunno, wanna, gonna.

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31
Q

What does face needs mean?

A

The need to be treated fairly. If you’re polite, you’re respecting someone’s face needs.

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32
Q

What does address terms mean?

A

The way in which we address people. (E.g) Sir, mate, geezer.

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33
Q

What is a disguised imperative?

A

A command that is disguised as a different sentence type. (E.g) That cake looks really nice, (disguised imperative), Actually might mean “I want some cake”.

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34
Q

What does pragmatics mean?

A

Hidden meanings - we don’t always say what we really mean.

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35
Q

What does idiom mean?

A

A widely used metaphor.

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36
Q

What are lexis?

A

Words

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37
Q

What are high frequency lexis?

A

Words that are commonly used

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38
Q

What are low frequency lexis?

A

Words that aren’t used very often.

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39
Q

What is monosyllabic lexis?

A

A word with one syllable (E.g) drunk, snag, help

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40
Q

What is polysyllabic lexis?

A

Words that have more than 2 syllables.

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41
Q

What is bi-syllabic lexis?

A

Words that have 2 syllables

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42
Q

What does glottal stop mean?

A

Used in a lot of accents and involves missing out the ‘t’ (e.g) water- wa’er

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43
Q

What does multi-cultural london english (MLE) mean?

A

A british non-standard, dialect often used by young people, originated in London and is a multi-ethnolect.

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44
Q

What does ethnolect mean?

A

The language of an ethnic group.

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45
Q

What does slang mean?

A

A way of identify differently (Embarrassed of their parent’s slang)

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46
Q

What does jargon mean?

A

Technical language, often associations with an occupation (E.g) medical jargon
(low frequency)

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47
Q

What does field specific lexis mean?

A

Words that belong to a topic. (E.g) Oak, pine, birch

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48
Q

What does semantic field?

A

A topic (e.g) computer, laptop, word, (semantic field of IT)

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49
Q

What does transcript mean?

A

A written down version of a conversation that has already taken place.

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50
Q

What does script mean?

A

A written, carefully planned text intended to be spoken.

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51
Q

What does turn taking mean?

A

The idea that we generally take in turns to talk.

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52
Q

What does a turn mean?

A

When someone is talking, they are having a turn.

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53
Q

What does the floor mean?

A

The conversation

54
Q

What does holding the floor mean?

A

Being the one who is talking.

55
Q

What does passing the floor?

A

Getting someone else to speak (E.g) using an interrogative

56
Q

What does taking the floor mean?

A

This could involve an interruption.

57
Q

What does topic shift mean?

A

A change in topic

58
Q

What does discourse marker mean?

A

A word or phrase that changed the topic. (E.g) Anyway, moving on, so.

59
Q

What does pre-closing signal mean?

A

Phrases used to show the conversation is about to end (e.g) paralinguistic features, it was nice chatting you, I will see you soon.

60
Q

What does closing signal mean?

A

Showing the conversation is over (E.g) bye, have a nice day.

61
Q

What does phatic talk mean?

A

Small talk, (E.g) the weather (safe topics), ;how are you?’, ‘I’m good and you’

62
Q

What does false talk mean?

A

Starting an utterance and making a mistake, so abandoning it. (E.g) yester-

63
Q

What is self-correction/repair?

A

When you correct a false start (E.g) yester- I mean last week

64
Q

What are tag questions?

A

A declarative (statement) followed by a short question (E.g) It’s a nice day isn’t it?

65
Q

What is a minimal response?

A

A short response to a question.

66
Q

What is back-channeling?

A

Noises and words used to show you’re listening. (E.g) Ah, really? No way, Oh ok.

67
Q

What does overlap mean?

A

Natural and supportive simultaneous (co-operative speaking at the same time) speech

68
Q

What does interruption mean?

A

Speaking over someone shows dominance (competitive)

69
Q

What are monitoring features?

A

Phrase to check the person is listening (E.g) Do you get me?

70
Q

How many general functions does conversation follow?

A

2

71
Q

What are the two general functions in a conversation?

A

Interactional and transactional function

72
Q

What is interactional function?

A

When speakers are socialising

73
Q

What is transactional function?

A

When the participants are exchanging services, buying,, going to the doctor, etc…

74
Q

What are openings?

A

Conversation starters such as ‘excuse me’. Can be a sequence

75
Q

What are adjacency pairs?

A

Two part exchanges that follow a predictable pattern (E.g) How are you?/ I am fine

76
Q

What does topic, topic shifts, topic starters and topic looks mean?

A

All terms concerned with what people are talking about.

77
Q

What is a three part exchange?

A

Another familiar way of organising conversation. (E.g) Teacher-Student interaction: Teacher- what’s the capital of Vietnam?, Student- Hanoi, Teacher- that’s right.

78
Q

What does pre-closing mean?

A

Ways of indicating the conversation is ending.

79
Q

What are closing sequences?

A

Signing off

80
Q

What does feedback mean?

A

Can be verbal or non-verbal, but shows that you are listening

81
Q

What is a phatic communion?

A

Phrases which have a merely social function

82
Q

What does deictic expressions mean?

A

Need the reference point of the conversation to make sense, over there, tomorrow etc…

83
Q

What does Received Pronunciation (RP) mean?

A

The prestige accent of the UK, the Queen’t English.

84
Q

What does standard English (SE) mean?

A

The prestige dialect of the UK (words and grammar)

85
Q

What does non- standard English mean?

A

Language that doesn’t conform to the standard rules (E.g) Slang ‘it were good’

86
Q

What does hedge mean?

A

Word or phrases that softens a statement (E.g) I kind of like it, sort of (I can show uncertainty)

87
Q

What does warranting mean?

A

Showing certainty (E.g) Obviously, definitely, of course.

88
Q

What does linguistic accommodation mean?

A

Adjusting our speech to suit others (we do this through code-switching)

89
Q

What does convergence mean?

A

Moving our language closer to the person we’re speaking to (E.g) Using slang with friends.

90
Q

What does divergence mean?

A

Moving our language away from the person we’re speaking to.

91
Q

What does politeness mean?

A

Respecting someone’s face needs

92
Q

What does positive face needs mean?

A

We want to be liked and approved of (using formal language)

93
Q

What does positive politeness mean?

A

Involves showing we like and value another person. (E.g) (giving compliments, good work- teacher)

94
Q

What does negative face needs mean?

A

We are polite in requests and apologise if needed. We respect someone’s status (E.g) would it be okay if? Excuse me?

95
Q

What does negative politeness mean?

A

Involves avoiding intruding others, apologising if necessary and using formal titles. (E.g) Not talking over someone, using phrases like “sorry to bother you”

96
Q

What is an accent?

A

The way we pronounce English

97
Q

What does accommodation mean?

A

The ways that individuals adjust their speech patterns to match others.

98
Q

What does CMC (Computer-Mediated Communication) mean?

A

Refers to text-based synchronous and asynchronous communication.

99
Q

What is synchronous?

A

Written “in real time”: when users are online at the same time.

100
Q

What does asynchronous mean?

A

When users are not communicating online at the same time (perhaps responding later in the day) and thus have more time to plan

101
Q

What does contraction mean?

A

Abbreviation of words, often marked by an apostrophe, (e.g) cannot= can’t, she will= she.ll

102
Q

What does ellipsis mean?

A

The omission of one or more words from a sentence, (e.g) ‘Do you want one?’ Please’; not ‘Yes, please I do want one’.

103
Q

What does Elucidation mean?

A

When a speaker clarifies a point of information. (E.g) “What I mean is…” or “I think what Sarah means is..”

104
Q

What does evaluating mean?

A

When a speaker offers judgement by supporting or opposing what another speaker has said, (e.g) ‘yeah, you’re right’ or ‘that’s rubbish’

105
Q

What does familect mean?

A

A style of language used within a family

106
Q

What does formality mean?

A

Vocabulary styles including slang, colloquialisms, taboo, formal and fixed levels.

107
Q

What does framing mean?

A

The idea that speakers mark their understanding of the context they are in. For example, by smiling or laughing to show that they are being playful.

108
Q

What does genderlect mean?

A

A style of language thought to be distinctive of either men or women.

109
Q

What does initiators mean?

A

Words such as “well”, “OK”, “right” used to signal that a person is about to speak.

110
Q

What does interlocutors mean?

A

People engaged in a spoken interaction.

111
Q

What does isogloss mean?

A

A geographic boundary indicating where a certain items of language are used.

112
Q

What does latch-on mean?

A

Occur when the second speaker leaps in immediately after the first speaker has completed an utterance without even time for micropause.

113
Q

What does minor sentence mean?

A

Sentences which are grammatically incomplete, but which make sense in their context, (e.g) Nice day.

114
Q

What is non-verbal behaviour?

A

Communication that takes place via the body (gesture and facial expressions)

115
Q

What is paralanguage?

A

Aspects of an individual’s vocal expression, such as whispering, laughter and breathiness.

116
Q

What are personal pronouns?

A

Used instead of nouns (e.g) I, we, she and more common in speech than in writing.

117
Q

What does phoneme mean?

A

The basic unit of sound. (e.g) /pit/ and /put/ vary by just one phoneme

118
Q

What does recycling mean?

A

Similar to repetition but involves a hitch in production where the initial sounds of a word are repeated before the speaker managed to get the word out.

119
Q

What does referent mean?

A

The thing or person being referred to.

120
Q

What does repertoire mean?

A

The range of language forms or styles used by a speaker.

121
Q

What does redundancy mean?

A

When a speaker gives more information than is strictly necessary.

122
Q

What does rhetoric mean?

A

The study of persuasive language

123
Q

What does simultaneous speech mean?

A

Occurs when two or more people are speaking at the same time.

124
Q

What are social networks?

A

A network of relations between people in their membership of different groups.

125
Q

What does vague completers mean?

A

Used to round off an utterance such as “and all that” or “and everything”

126
Q

What does acronym mean?

A

lol- laugh out loud, lmao, LASAR

127
Q

What does homophones mean?

A

number homophones, letter homophones.

128
Q

What are number homophones?

A

A number used to replace a sound. (e.g) 2- to, m8-mate, 4-for

129
Q

What are letter homophones?

A

Letter used to replace the sound (e.g) r u- are you

130
Q
A

English Language A-Level (10 decks)

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