Language and Gender Flashcards
What does pejoration mean?
Where a word takes on a more negative meaning (e.g) Mistress
What does lexical asymmetry mean?
Where pairs of words no longer have the same connotations/ meaning (e.g) master/ mistress, lady/lord
What does marked terms?
We often say ‘lady’ in front of powerful roles like ‘doctor’ as it can be assumed as a male role (e.g) ‘male nurse’ is another term
What does heteronormative society mean?
A society where they see a relationship between a man and a woman normal and gay relationships as ‘other’
What does convergence mean?
Bringing your language closer to that of the other person.
What does divergence mean?
Moving your language away from that of the other person
What does upward convergence mean?
Speaking with more formal register and associated accent
What does downward convergence mean?
Speaking in a more informal way than normal
What does ideological gender bias mean?
Traits that are associated with men and women in society. The ‘ ideal’ way that men and women should behave
What does semantic derogation mean?
Using language negatively to put groups down.
What does transnormativity mean?
The idea that it is thought there should be a normative behaviour concerning trans identity
What does explicit homophobia mean?
(E.g) use of ‘fag’ in American high schools to insult homosexual males
What does implicit homophobia mean?
Used in the media
What is mutual engagement?
Members of a community of practise come together in a common negotiated activity.
What does joint negotiated enterprise?
Communities of practise share common goals and work together to achieve them.
What is shared repertoire?
Communities of practise share the same resources to communicate with each other and may have particular ways of doing or speaking.
What is euphemisms treadmill?
We made up new words to replay old ones (e.g) scope instead of spastic
What is semantic reclamation?
When the marginated attempts to reclaim and make it positive
What is political correctness?
Refers to the belief that language should not be used in a discriminatory way.
What is euphemism?
Words or phrases that are substituted for more direct words or phrases in an attempt to make things easier to accept or less embarrassing
What is a prescriptivism?
The notion that language should be fixed, prescribing a set standard of rules for language usage.
What is a phonetician?
A person who specialises in the study of sounds
What is social constructivism?
Places the importance on social interaction as constructing identity and people coming together to form a shared construction of the world.
What is speech act theory?
The study of how words can be used to carry out actions
What does performatives mean?
Speech acts that explicitly perform an act, usually in a socially conventional situation such as a wedding ceremony.
(E.g) saying “I do”
What does performativity mean?
The ability to use speech and other communication methods to construct or perform our identity.
What is vocal fry?
Creaky, deep voice (E.g) Kourtney Kardashian.
