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CHES Exam > Spiral - Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Spiral - Chapter 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the purpose of a needs assessment?

A

To determine if a program is justified and what its nature/emphasis ought to be

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1
Q

What is a needs assessment?

A

The systematic, planned collection of information about the health knowledge, perceptions, attitudes, motivation, & practices of individuals/groups and the quality of their SES environment.

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2
Q

What is primary data?

A

Data gathered directly from or about the individual or population of interest. Typically comes from surveys, interviews, focus groups, & observation.

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3
Q

What is secondary data?

A

Data that has been collected by others that may or may not be directly gathered from the individual or population being assessed. Ex: journals, data sets, census, etc.

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4
Q

What are stakeholders?

A

Those who are involved in program operations (manager, staff, partners, funders, etc) OR those served and/or affected by the program (patients, clients, community, etc)

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5
Q

What are service needs?

A

Things that health professionals believe a given population must have/do in order to resolve a health problem

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6
Q

What are service demands?

A

Things people say they must have/be able to do in order to resolve their health problem

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7
Q

What are the five models for conducting a needs assessment?

A
  • Epidemiological model
  • Public health model
  • Social model
  • Asset model
  • Rapid model
  • ** Can use many at once***
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8
Q

What is the epidemiological model for needs assessment?

A

Focuses on epidemiological data (death rates, prevalence rates, birth rates, etc)

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9
Q

What is the public health model for needs assessment?

A

Attempts to quantify the health problem and uses epidemiological data but is more focused on a specific population & limitations of resources

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10
Q

What is the social model for needs assessment?

A

Investigates social/political issues that influence health

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11
Q

What is the asset model for needs assessment?

A

Focuses on the strengths of a community, organization, or population and looks to find ways to use existing assets to improve health

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12
Q

What is the rapid model for needs assessment?

A

Framework used when time/money are lacking - Very basic; lacks in detail

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13
Q

What is the PRECEDE-PROCEED model?

A

A model that includes steps in collecting data for the needs assessment - Has specific, ordered steps & info that should be collected

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14
Q

What is BRFSS?

A

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System - Reference database

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15
Q

Who makes PubMed?

A

National Library of Medicine

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16
Q

What is ERIC?

A

Education Resources Information Center - Reference database

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17
Q

What type of data do you want to collect in a needs assessment?

A

Both qualitative & quantitative

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18
Q

What is a key informant interview?

A

Interview with individuals who have knowledge of and the ability to report on the needs of a corporation, hospital, or organization

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19
Q

What are the advantages of electronic interviews? (2)

A

Can collect data from a large number of people; Low cost

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20
Q

What are the disadvantages of online interviews? (3)

A
  • Access to a limited population (only those w/ Internet)
  • Lack of anonymity
  • Emails can be ignored
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21
Q

What is a community forum?

A

Community discussion to discuss a population’s perception of the community’s health problems

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22
Q

What are the potential disadvantages of a community forum?

A

The silent majority may not speak - Vocal individuals views may be wrongly seen as the group’s views

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23
Q

What are focus groups?

A

Participants are selected based on specific criteria and asked to discuss a health topic in a group led by a skilled facilitator. Designed so participants give and explain opinions. Can be as small as two people or as big as manageable.

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24
Q

What are some disadvantages of a focus group? (2)

A
  • May be hard to infer consensus

- Results may not be generalizable

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25
Q

What is the nominal group process?

A

Highly structured process in which a few representatives (5-7) from the priority population are asked to respond to questions based on specific needs. Each member privately ranks ideas proposed and then shares rankings in a round-robin fashion. Everyone has an equal voice.

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26
Q

What is a disadvantage of the nominal group process?

A

Time consuming!

27
Q

What is a delphi panel?

A

Group process that generates consensus from mailed/emailed questionnaires. Questionnaire with one or two questions is sent to the group. Responses are analyzed to form more specific questions. Then sent for new responses, analyzed again, new questions, etc. On average, questionnaires are analyzed & resent 3-5 times.

28
Q

What three groups should be represented in a delphi panel?

A

Decision makers, staff, & program participants.

29
Q

What are some examples of self-assessments?

A

Health risk appraisals, breast self-exam, and self-monitoring for skin cancer.

30
Q

What is a community capacity inventory?

A

Technique to examine community resources/issues - Developing a written list of the skills/talents of community members & other resources. Gathered by surveys, interviews, newspapers, etc.

31
Q

What is a community asset map?

A

A visual representation of the physical assets of a community (library, parks, churches, etc) that my help achieve community goals. Map is Created by community members - They “map” local resources, abilities, and building blocks that can help a community change.

32
Q

What is MMWR?

A

Morbidity/Mortality Weekly Report (federal source of data)

33
Q

What is NCHS?

A

The National Center for Health Stats (puts out MMWR???) - Federal data source

34
Q

Where do US vital records come from?

A

US Census Bureau

35
Q

What is the Statistical Abstract of the United States?

A

Summary stats of populations by metropolitan area, state, country, and info about health expenditures & coverage (Federal data source)

36
Q

What is the USDHHS?

A

US Dept of Health & Human Services (Puts out Stat Abstract???)

37
Q

What is CMS?

A

Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (Federal data source)

38
Q

What is HRSA?

A

Health Resources Service Administration (Federal data source)

39
Q

What is SSA?

A

Social Security Administration (Federal data source)

40
Q

What type of data source is BRFSS?

A

State/local - Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

41
Q

What is YRBSS?

A

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (state/local data source)

42
Q

What are some NGO/organization data sources?

A

Health care system data (hospital discharges, emergency room visits, etc.) and disease-specific organizations (ex: American Heart Association)

43
Q

What are existing records that can help with needs assessment?

A

Data collected by services such as clinical records, vaccine records, data from insurance claims, etc.

44
Q

What is HIPAA?

A

Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act - Protects personal information. In order for health data to be used, individual permission must be granted, with some exceptions.

45
Q

What are some factors that influence health behaviors? (3)

A
  • Behavioral/lifestyle
  • Environmental
  • Individual
46
Q

What are behavioral factors?

A

Behaviors/actions of individuals, groups, or communities. May include compliance, consumption/utilization patterns, coping, preventive actions, & self care.

47
Q

What are environmental factors?

A

Factors that are determinants outside the individual that can be modified to support behavior, health, and quality of life. Examples - Economic factors, physical factors, public services, access to services, affordability of services, and equity of services.

48
Q

What are individual factors?

A

Educational, social, and cultural characteristics of the individual. A person’s knowledge, beliefs, and perceptions regarding health.

49
Q

What is the basic premise of the ecological model?

A

Five levels influence behavior - Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Organizational, Community, & Public Policy. Influences interact across these levels.

50
Q

What are biological factors that can affect health?

A

Genetic endowment and aging.

51
Q

What are lifestyle factors that can affect health?

A

Diet, injury avoidance, sexual behaviors.

52
Q

What are psychosocial factors that can affect health?

A

Poverty, stress, personality, cultural factors.

53
Q

What are some things that may hinder the learning process?

A

Lack of time, scheduling conflicts, attitudes, and stressors

54
Q

What are some things that may foster the learning process?

A

Positive attitudes, community connectedness, & self-interest.

55
Q

What are predisposing factors?

A

Individual knowledge & affective traits

56
Q

What are enabling factors?

A

Factors that make possible a change in behavior.

57
Q

What are reinforcing factors?

A

Feedback and encouragement resulting from a changed behavior, perhaps from significant/important others.

58
Q

What are some things that cant always be controlled that may affect the acceptability of a health program? (4)

A
  • Social stigma w/ diseases (people may not want to participate in program)
  • Conditions of the learning environment (uncomfortable accommodations, noise level)
  • Actual physical environment (safety, lack of physical activity resources such as parks, etc.)
  • Current political climate (teen preg initiatives)
59
Q

What does community empowerment do?

A

Build capacity and help communities solve their own problems with their own resources

60
Q

What are the (4) steps to infer health education needs from obtained data?

A
  1. Analyze primary & secondary data
  2. Compare data with local, state, national, or historical situation
  3. Consider social, cultural, and political environment.
  4. Set priorities by assessing size of problem, effectiveness of possible interventions, & appropriateness, economics, resources, legality, & acceptability of possible intervention
61
Q

What are the three levels of prevention?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary

62
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Efforts towards HEALTHY individuals to reduce risk for illness/injury

63
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Screenings to diagnose existing disease so a person can seek treatment.

64
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Rehabilitation after a major health event/diagnosis

65
Q

What types of health needs should be prioritized?

A

Those that are highly important & highly changeable!

CHES Exam (7 decks)

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