Spine + Spinal Cord

Question 1

What points of the spine are afferent?
What points of the spine are efferent?

Answer 1

Afferent = T1 - L3
Efferent = C8 and T1 (lateral thoracic nerve)

Question 2

Where in the spine is there an issue if an animal has urinary incontinence?

Where in the spine is there an issue if an animal has a lack of anal tone and penile prolapse (paraphimosis)?

Answer 2

S1 - S2
S3 - Cd5

Question 3

Are the following proprioceptive and sensory deficits ascending or descending pathways?
Crossing
Foot dragging
Knuckling
Circumduction (circling body part away from axial centre)
Stumbling
Abduction

Answer 3

Ascending=
Crossing - Abduction - Circumduction - Knuckling
Descending =
Foot dragging - Stumbling

Question 4

What is the difference between ataxia and lameness?

Answer 4

Ataxia = abnormal patterns in different limbs
Lameness = regular irregular movement in the same limb

Question 5

What is assessed when tail pulling is done whilst the horse is standing versus whilst the horse is walking?

Answer 5

Standing = lower motoneurons (extensor reflex L3 - 5 in young horses)
Walking = Upper motoneurons and the descending tracts