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NMSK > Bone Anatomy > Flashcards

Bone Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cortex of a bone?
What is the medulla of a bone?

A
  • It’s a tube of solid bone
  • The central cavity of the bone that’s filled with bone marrow (or fat in older animals)
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2
Q

What are the names given to the regions 1,2 and 3?

A
  1. is the diaphysis of the bone (the shaft)
  2. is the metaphysis (flared region)
  3. is the epiphysis (rounded end)

(2+3 make up the end of the bone)

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3
Q

What is cortical bone?
What is cancellous bone?

A

Cortical = compact/compact bone
Cancellous = trabecular/spongy bone

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4
Q

What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

A

Axial = centre of the animal so the head, neck, vertebral column, ribs, pelvis, tail
Appendicular = regions of attached bones like fore and hindlimbs

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5
Q

What are visceral bone?
What are the only 2 examples?

A

Bones that are formed in soft organs

Os penis in dog and cat
Os cordis in ruminant heart

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6
Q

What is membranous and chondral ossification?

A

Membranous - bones ossify* from mesenchymal cells (scapula, scull bones), found in areas of high load bearing, have fail/fracture configurations that are clean

Chondral - bones ossify* from cartilage precursor (most limb bones), found in non-load bearing areas, fracture configuration looks like shattering

*ossify means to change into bone or bony tissue

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7
Q

What are the 6 bone shape classifications?

A
  • Long (eg. humorous)
  • Short (eg. carpal bones)
  • Flat (to protect or attach to soft tissue)
  • Sesamoid (provide strength and reduce tendon wear on bone/joints)
  • Irregular (for muscle and ligament attachment)
  • Pneumatic (contain air space)
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8
Q

What is periosteum?

What is the endosteum?

A

Vessel-rich, bone producing* membrane that covers all of a bone except region with articular cartilage.

*Supply blood to the bone which is required for development and remodelling

Membrane that lines the marrow cavity and lays down bone, supplied by the nutrient artery

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9
Q

What is the structure and function of…

cortical bone?
cancellous bone?

A

Solid concentric bone arranged around a central osteon. It provides structural support and protection to the bodies bones.

Bony trabecular (little beams) with spaces filled with red bone marrow. It provides structural support against stress and flex whilst staying light.

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10
Q

What is the structure and function of the medullary/marrow cavity?

A

Hollow bone filled with red and yellow bone marrow.

red marrow makes blood cells and the yellow marrow stores fat and minerals.

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11
Q

What are the functions of these typical long bone features?
- The head
- Tubercles, trochanters, tuberosites
- Fossae
- Condyles and epicondyles

A

Allows a wide range of movement in joints

Elevation/raise irregularity in bone that acts as an attachment site for muscles and ligaments

Depressed irregularity in bone that acts as an attachment sight for muscles and ligaments

Condyles - Provide structural support to bone joints
Epicondyles - Allows the attachment of ligaments,ents and tendons

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12
Q

What is the nutrient artery?

A

Vessels in the periosteum supply the blood for the bones via. the nutrient arteries which carry the blood from the vessels to the endosteum.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the skeletal structure?

A

Structural support
Protects vital organs against trauma
Locomotion - acts like levers that muscles act on to move
Mineral reservoir for a multitude of organic ions (like calcium and phosphorus)

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14
Q

What are the main issues/limitations with bone?

A

Rigid
Hard/Brittle
Cannot expand from within/Limited growth

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15
Q

What does bone tissue consist of?

A

An organic (osteoid) and inorganic (minerals) matrix
Cells - Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts
Vascular spaces

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16
Q

What are osteoids?

What are osteoids composed of?

(organic component)

A

It’s a ground substance synthesised by osteoblasts to make new bone, it’s secreted onto bone surface and embedded with collagen type l fibres (as strong and inert).

Water, Glycoproteins, Proteoglycans, Bone sialoproteins

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17
Q

What effect do bone minerals have on the make up of the bone matrix?

What is the organic component composed of?

(Inorganic component)

A

Make up 60-70% of the bones dry weight. Makes the bone hard and rigid and is the reason it is radio-opaque.

Large crystals of things like calcium phosphate and carbonate.

18
Q

What immediately occurs when osteoids are secreted?

A

Bone begins mineralisation

19
Q

What is the timescale when it comes to bone mineralisation?

A

At birth 70-80% of the bones have been mineralised, it then takes years to finish mineralisation

20
Q

As bone forms what are the two ways in which the fibres are deposited and organised?

A

Woven bone (haphazard) - used for growing bone or fracture repair so mineralises quickly

Lamellar bone (parallel with bone) - thin layer of osteoid* that collagen fibre grows parallel to, structurally superior.

21
Q

What happens to woven bone over time?

A

Is replaced with lamellar bone (not always the case, why some fracture sites are always weaker)

22
Q

What is fibrolamellar bone?

A

Contains additional fibre making it better at withstanding impact

23
Q

What is the main function of osteons?

A

To allow blood vessels (and nerves) to run through the bone, these can be seen as the circle in the centre of the osteoblasts

24
Q

Can bone be remodelled?

A

Yes, it is a living tissue and so can be replaced and redistributed according to changes in load

25
Q

When are primary osteons created?

A

During appositional bone growth (bone grows outwards increasing in diameter as it cannot expand from the inside)

26
Q

What is the main difference between lamellar bone and woven bone?

A

Lamellar bone contains osteons

27
Q

In an osteons what is the name given to the circle in the centre and what does it contain?

A

The Haversian canal - contains blood vessels, lymphatics (waste disposal vessels) and nerves

28
Q

What is the name given to the line that runs around the outer edge of all osteons?

A

The cement line

29
Q

Where are osteocytes found and what can be seen coming off from them?

A

Found within the osteoblasts with canaliculi (cytoplasmic processes) running off of them

30
Q

What are secondary osteons?

A

Smaller osteons that come off of the primary osteons into the bone tissue

31
Q

Where do osteoblasts come from?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

32
Q

Where do osteocytes come from?

What method of communication of osteocytes use?

A

Osteocytes come from differentiated osteoblasts

Dendritic processes

33
Q

What is the main function of osteoclasts and how do they achieve this?

A

Breaking down the bone and bone reabsorption by releasing protons which create an acidic environment which then leads to demineralisation of the bone. They also secrete proteases which destroys any organic matter.

34
Q

Where are osteoclasts derived from?

A

Bone marrow

35
Q

What properties do osteoclasts have?

A

Large cells
Lots of nuclei

36
Q

What are the steps involved in bone modelling and remodelling?

A
  1. Osteoclasts destroy/remove some of the bone
  2. Osteoblasts then secrete osteoid and concentric lamellae forms making walls of lamellar bone surrounding a blood vessels
  3. Secondary osteon is created
37
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A

Localised bone injury caused by bone fatigue damage due to repetitive loading.
Appear in predictable locations (see equine diagram)

38
Q

What do multiple stress fractures cause?

A

Makes the bone progressively more porous and therefore weak which leads to a large fracture.

39
Q

Why are stress fractures common in dairy herds?

A

Pregnancy and high milk production puts strain on cattle bones due to a need for minerals which can cause stress fractures to occur

40
Q

What do the following terms mean (see diagram) when referring to a stress fracture?

A

Stress = force per unit area
Strain = percentage of elongation
Elastic region = measure of elasticity
Yield point = point where structure no longer returns to original shape
Plastic region = structure deformed and moving towards failure

41
Q

How does repetitive strain cause failure?

A

More stress over time = less elasticity in the bone and more deformation = higher chance of fracture

This is referred to as cyclical loading

42
Q

How does remodelling of bone result in a higher chance of failure?

A

NMSK (7 decks)

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