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NMSK > Neuromuscular Tissue > Flashcards

Neuromuscular Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4(/5) connective tissues?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Nervous
  • Connective
  • Muscle (contractile)

(- Blood, but this can also be considered connective)

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2
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of and what is the difference between it in the CNS and PNS?

A

Nerve Cells and Neuroglial Cells

Neuroglial cells in the CNS:
- astrocytes
- oligodenrocytes
- microglial cells
- ependymal cells
Neuroglial cells in the PNS:
- satellite cells
- Schwann cells

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3
Q

What is the function of nervous tissues?

Hint: function of neurones and neuroglia cells

A

Neurons
- receive and facilitate nerve impulses
- classified based on function and structure
Neuroglial cells
- supporting cells by facilitating conduction of nerve impulses, immune function, maintenance of neurones

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4
Q

What are the 4 key functions of connective tissue?

A
  1. Support
  2. Movement
  3. Protection
  4. Fat/Energy Storage
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5
Q

What are the 5 main categories of connective tissue?
(include subgroups)

A
  1. Loose (or Areolar)
  2. Dense
    - regular
    - irregular
  3. Cartilage
    - hyaline
    - elastic
    - fibro
  4. Bone
    - lamellar
    - trabecular
  5. Blood (special kind of liquid connective tissue)
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6
Q

What is the structure and function of LCT, DCT, Cartilaginous and Bone tissue?

A
  1. LCT
    Structure = cells found within a network of collagen and elastin fibres
    Function = loose packing, support, nourishment to associated structures, tissue sliding
  2. DCT
    Structure = matrix composed of collagen and elastin fibres
    Function = tensile strength and stretch resistance
  3. Cartilaginous
    Structure = depends on cartilage type
    Function = provides flexibility (as no calcium phosphate) with rigidity, can withstand pressure
  4. Bone
    Structure = collagen network (tensile strength), crystalline (compressive strength), bone cells ( maintenance)
    Function = provides strength and support
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7
Q

What are the cells in cartilaginous tissue called and what is their function?

What happens to cartilage throughout it’s life (like bone)?

Does cartilage have a good vascular supply?

A

Chondrocytes: produce a matrix made of type ll collagen, glycoproteins and water

Broken down and renewed

No, its poorly supplied with blood

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7
Q

What are the differences between LTC and DCT?

A

Loose has few elastin and collagen fibres - Dense has lots
Loose has lots of cells and ground substance - Dense has few cells and less ground substance in the extracellular matrix
Loose is less rigid/easily distorted but is still resistance when stretched due to collagens tough barrier - Dense is rigid and hard to distort due to its dense fibre
Loose is found in mucosal + submucosal CT of blood vessels, muscle, nerves, organs (kidney, liver)
Dense is found in tendons, ligaments, cornea of eye, arteries

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8
Q

What happens throughout bones life and why is it hard/hardly flexible?

A

Constantly remodelled

Contains calcium phosphate (found as hydroxyapatite) in the extracellular matrix

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9
Q

What are the 3 main components that make up CT?

A
  • Cells
  • Collagen fibres
  • Ground substance (special proteins)
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10
Q

What is the purpose of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in CT?

A

Help to separate cells from each other (so not tightly packed), non-living ECM helps classify CT subgroups, structure of the ECM gives CT its morphological and functional characteristics

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11
Q

How are CT cells named?
(give some examples)

A

Named by the tissue they produce/maintain

Chondrocytes = cartilage
Osteoblasts/Osteocytes/Osteoclasts = bone
Myocytes = muscles
Tenocytes (elongated fibrocytes) = tendons

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12
Q

What does ECM contain*?

A

Collagen and elastin fibres
- Collagen type l most common it’s strong, flexible but inelastic.
- Reticular fibres are fine collagen type lll fibres and these networks fill spaces between tissue and organ.
- Elastin has elastic properties but the % varies depending on tissue function
Ground substance (non-fibrous protein + other molecules)
- amphora’s gel-like substance that surrounds cells
- components are hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans
Water

  • blood ECM has no collagen fibres
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13
Q

What is the function of EMC?
What produces EMC?
Is EMC inert or dynamic?

A

Structural support of cells, and guides their division, growth and development

Specialised cells

It is dynamic

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14
Q

The names of specialist cells that produce EMC end in suffixes that identify the function, what is the function of these suffixes?
-blasts
-cytes
-clasts

A

-blast = creates matrix
-cytes = maintain matrix
-clasts = break down matrix for remodelling

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15
Q

Which of the 3 embryonic layers produces CT?

A

The mesoderm as it produces embryonic mesenchyme as it differentiates
Mesenchyme means loose tissue that gives rise to tissues like connective tissue

16
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue in embryology?

A
  1. Epithelial (skin, lung and GIT lining).
  2. Neural (nervous system, derived from embryonic ectoderm, hence termed neuroectoderm).
  3. Contractile (all muscles, derived from embryonic mesoderm).
  4. Connective (everything not in 1, 2 & 3! Derived from embryonic mesoderm).
17
Q

During embryonic development where is most connective tissue found and what are its main features?

What other names are given to embryonic CT?

A

Found mostly in the umbilical cord, it has hydrophilic ECM and is jelly-like.

Mucoid CT
Whartons jelly

18
Q

What does reticular connective tissue contain?

A

Reticular and elastic fibres that are predominantly found in irregular CT
The reticular fibres (type lll collagen) forms the storm of the lymphoid site, (lymph nodes and spleen)
The elastic fibre form the intervertebral disks and walls of the aorta

19
Q

What are the two types of adipose tissue and what is its structure and function?

A

Structure: little ECM surrounding cells, cells packed with lipids
Function: packaging, protection, insulation

20
Q

What are mesenchymal cells surrounded by?

How are mesenchymal cells associated?

A

Extensive extracellular matrix (includes: proteoglycans, glycoproteins, fibres, other molecules)

Loosely associated by cell processes

21
Q

What does all connective tissue contain?

A
  1. FIBROBLASTS
  2. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
    Fibres:
    - collagen
    - elastic
    - reticular
    Ground substance:
    - GAG (hyaluronic acid)
    - proteoglycans
    - glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin)
22
Q

What are the 3 types of fibre found in CT and an example of where they are found?

A

Collagen: tendon
Elastic (connective): lungs
Reticular (supportive): organs

23
Q

What is the main structural protein found in CT?

A

Collagen

24
Q

What structure is collagen found in?

What are the main amino acids in collagen and what bonds do they have?

A

Polypeptide triple helix (three stands twisted together like rope), very string

Glycine, Proline, Hydroxyproline, Hydroxylysine - all have covalent bonds which are very strong

25
Q

How many types of collagen fibres are there?

A

Type l - Type V

26
Q

Where is type l collagen distributed?

A

Skin, tendon, organs, mature scar tissue, artery walls, cornea, endomysium, fibrocartilage, surrounding muscle fibres, organic part of bones and teeth

27
Q

Where is type ll collagen distributed?

A

Hyaline cartilage (50% of all cartilage proteins), vitreous humour (gel found in eye between lens and retina)

28
Q

Where is type l collagen distributed?

A

Reticular fibres (organ stroma - gives them structure), granulation tissue (new CT a wound site)

29
Q

Where is type lV collagen distributed?

A

Basal lamina (type of membrane), eye lens, filtration system of capillaries and glomerulus

30
Q

Where is type V collagen distributed?

A

Interstitial tissue (associated with type l), placenta

31
Q

What does GAG stand for?

What are GAGs?

A

Glycosaminoglycans
Huge molecules occupying lots of extracellular space, made of unbranched polysaccharide chains which are repeating disaccharide chains

32
Q

Why do GAGs attracted positively charged cations?

Why are GAGs so good at withstanding compressive forces?

A

Because they are highly negative

They undergo osmosis easily so draw and hold water in their matrix so if the water is squished out they can just draw it back in again without any damage.

33
Q

What are some clinical uses of GAG?

A
  • reduces inflammation
  • enhances function
  • mechanisms not fully understood
34
Q

What are some functions of hyaluronic acid?

A

Resists compression, involved in tissue repair in the skin, facilitates cell migration and proliferation

35
Q

What is hyaluronic acid a major component of?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Synovial fluid
The skin

NMSK (7 decks)

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