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Anatomy > Spine > Flashcards

Spine Flashcards

1
Q

List the divisions of the spine and the number of vertebra in each.

A 
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5 (fused)
Coccygeal - 4 (fused)
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2
Q

Describe vertebral development in relationship to the curvature.

A

2 fetal months, One curve
6 fetal months, Straightening of spine, sacral curve remains.
Newborn, Straight spine, slight lumbar curve, sacral curve.
4 year old, cervical curve, lumbar curve, less sacral curve.
13 year old, All curves present, less pronounced than adult.
Adult, All curves fully formed.

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3
Q

Name the three types of abnormal curves of the spine and in what direction they occur.

A

Lordosis - Lumbar curve exaggerated anteriorly.
Kyphosis - Thoracic curve exaggerated anteriorly.
Scoliosis - Spinal curve laterally, left or right.

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4
Q

What are the functions of the spine?

A 
Support body weight.
Transmit forces through pelvis to lower limbs.
Carry and position head.
Brace an help manoeuvre upper limb.
Protect Spinal Cord.
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5
Q

Describe a typical vertebra.

A

Body - Weight bearing.
Arch - Pedicles: Bony pillars attach to body. Laminae: Roof of arch, from pedicle to mid line.
Foramen - for spinal cord.
Spinal process - project posteriorly.
Transverse processes - project posterior/lateral.

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6
Q

Describe the Cervical vertebrae.

A

Cervical = neck
7 cervical vertebrae.
small vertebral body.
Transverse foramen - for vertebral artery and vein.

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7
Q

Name the joints between C1 and the skull and C2 and C1.

A

Atlanto-occipital joint (yes)

Atlanto-axial joint (no)

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8
Q

Describe the Thoracic vertebrae.

A 
Throacic = Upper chest
Body is larger, heart shape.
Vertebrocostal articulations
Small vertebral body.
Transverse process faces down, short, allow rotation.
spinous process faces down.
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9
Q

Describe the lumbar vertebrae.

A 
Lumbar = lower back
Body is large - bean shaped.
transverse processes long
Spinous processes face back
articular facets face medial and lateral.
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10
Q

Describe the sacrum and coccyx.

A

5 fused sacral vertebrae
4 fused coccygeal vertebrae
Female shorter and wider.

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11
Q

Describe the joints between vertebrae.

A

Typical vertebrae has 6 joints.
4 synovial joints, two above and below, between articular processes. facet or zygapophyseal.
2 symphases, one above an below, between vertebral bodies.

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12
Q

Explain how the zygapopheseal joints guide movement.

A

Cervical zygapopheseal joints slope inferiorly to posteriorly allowing flexion/extension.
Thoracic zygapopheseal joints slope almost vertical, allows rotation.
Lumbar zygapopheseal joints curved to allow flexion/extension.

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13
Q

Describe a typical intervertebral disk.

A

Fibrocartilaginous.
Outer layer - Annulus fibrous. (collagen and fibrocartilage)
Central - Nucleus pulposus (gelatinous)

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14
Q

Describe intervertebral disk damage.

A

Distorted, Bulge, Herniated.

Little risk of issues unless compressing nerve.

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15
Q

List the Ligaments of the spine.

A 
Anterior longitudinal
Posterior longitudinal
Ligamentum flavum
Supraspinous
Interspinous ligaments
Ligamentum nuchae
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16
Q

Desscribe the spinal cord.

A

About 45 cm long

Sensory(afferent) and
motor (efferent)
cord ends between L1 & L2
nerves from the lumbar and sacral levels ‘cauda equina’

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17
Q

Describe the spinal cord in a cross section

A

Butterfly-shaped center of the cord = gray matter =
Nerve bodies
Ventral “wings” (horns) contain motor nerves
Dorsal horns contain sensory nerves
Surrounding white matter contains nerve fibers.

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18
Q

Explain how the spinal nerves are named.

A

Cervical nerves
emerge above their vertebrae
C8 emerges below C7

Thoracic, lumbar and
sacral emerge below their vertebra.

19
Q

Describe the inner spinal meninges.

A

Innermost = Pia mater Pia
Bound to the spinal cord
Blood vessels external to pia

20
Q

Describe the middle and outermost spinal meninges.

A

Middle layer= Arachnoid mater; like spider web
Outermost layer= Dura mater
Epidural space between dura mater and bone
Subdural space- deep to dura

21
Q

Describe the spinal motions.

A

Flexion/ Extension
Lateral flexion/ extension (left/right)
Rotation (left/right)

22
Q

Describe the posterior ramus.

A

A motor and sensory branch

Travels anterior and another travels posterior from the spine.

23
Q

List the layers of intrinsic spine muscles and the muscles within them.

A

Superficial: Splenius Capitus and Cervicis
Intermediate: Erector Spinae
Deep:Semispinales, Multifidus, Rotatores.
Suboccipital.
Interspinales, intertransversii, levetores costarum.
Quatratus Lumborum.

24
Q

Describe Spenius Capitus.

A

Origin:Nuchal Ligaments and spinous processes.
Insertion: Mastoid Process, occipital Bone
Action:Extend (bilateral) Rotate (unilateral)

25
Q

Descirbe Spenius Cervicis.

A

Origin: Nuchal Ligaments and spinous processes
Insertion: Transverse processes C1 - 4
Action: Extend (bilateral) Rotate (unilateral)

26
Q

Describe the thoracolumbar facia.

A

Membrane covers deep muscles of back.
3 Layers, Anterior, middle, posterior.
Between the anterior and middle later lies quadratus lumborum.
Erector spinae muscle is between middle and posterior layers.

27
Q

Describe erector spinae. (Generally)

A

Each of the three columns are further named after its location.
Static role, Concentric role, Eccentric role.

28
Q

Describe erector spinae.

A

Origin:Posterior iliac crest, posterior sacrum, lumbar spinous processes.
Insertion:
Iliocostalis - Lower ribs, cervical transverse process.
Longissumus - Ribs, transverse processess, mastoid proccess.
Spinales - Adjacent spinous processes.
Action: Spinal extensors (bilateral)
Allow lateral flexion (unilateral)

29
Q

Describe the Transversospinales muscles.

A

Run upward and medially from transverse - spinous processes.
3 Main groups are: Semispinales, Rotatores, Mutifidus.
Extend (bilaterally)
Rotate (Unilaterally)

30
Q

Describe Semispinales.

A

Origin:Transverse Process C4 - T12
Insertion: Occipital Bone, cervical and thoracic transverse processes.
Action: Extension (bilateral) Rotation (unilateral)

31
Q

Describe mutifidus.

A

Most developed in the lumbar spine travel 1 - 3 segments
Origin: Posterior sacrum, deep surface erector spinae, PSIS, lumbar, thoracic, cervical.
Insertion: Spinous processes L5 - C2
Action: Extends (bilaterally), Assists upright sitting.

32
Q

Describe the Rotatores.

A

Most developed in thorax
Origin: Transverse processes.
Insertion: Spinous processes
Action: Extension (bilateral) rotation (unilateral)

33
Q

Describe the levatores Costarum.

A

Origin: Transverse process C7 - T11
Insertion: Posterior, angle of rib below.
Action: Elevate Rib

34
Q

Describe the Intertransversarii.

A

Origin: Transverse processes
Insertion: Transverse Process above
Action: Stabilise

35
Q

Describe Interpinales.

A

Origin: Spinous processes
Insertion: Spinous process above
Action: Stabilise

36
Q

Describe Quadratus Lumborum.

A

Origin: Iliac crest, Iliolumbar ligament.
Insertion: 12th rib, lumbar transverse processes.
Action: Depress ribs (bilateral) Lateral flexion (unilateral)

37
Q

Describe Suboccipital.

A

Extend the head cervical vertebrae to occipital bone.

38
Q

List the hypaxial muscles of the neck. (You do not need to know these muscles, Understanding only)

A 
Longus capitis
Longus Colli
Rectus Capitis lateralis
Rectus Capitis anterior
Scalenus Anterior
Scalenus Medius
Scalenus Posterior
39
Q

List the Hypaxial muscles (anterior)

A

Diaphragm
(Central tendon, Anterior longitudinal ligament)
Quatratus Limborum
Iliopsoas

40
Q

List the Abdominals. (more superficial)

A

External Oblique
Rectus abdominis
Internal Oblique

41
Q

Describe Transversus Abdominus.

A

Origin: Iliac Crest, Inguinal Ligament, Lumbar fascia, and cartilages of inferior six ribs.
Fibres run TRANSVERSELY.
Insertion: Xiphiod process, linea alba, pubis
Action: Compresses abdomen.
Nerve Supply: Thoracic Spinal nerves T8 - T12.

42
Q

Describe the Internal Oblique.

A

Origin: Lateral inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest.
Insertion: Ribs 8 - 12, linea alba
Action: Compresses abdomen, flexes trunk (bilateral) rotates trunk (unilateral)
Nerve Supply: Lower intercostal nerves.

43
Q

Describe the External Oblique.

A

Origin: Lower 8 ribs.
Insertion: Linea alba, abdominal neurosis, anterior iliac crest.
Fibres run OBLIQUELY
Action: Compresses abdomen, flexes trunk (bilateral) rotates trunk (unilateral)
Nerve Supply: Lower Intercostal nerves

44
Q

Describe Rectus Abdominus.

A

Superficial
Origin: Pubis
Insertion: Costal Cartilage ribs 5 - 7, xiphoid.
Tendinous Inscriptions
Action: Trunk flexion
Nerve Supply: thoracic spinal nerves T7 - T12

Anatomy (11 decks)

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