Ankle & Foot

Question 1

List the bones of the ankle joint.

Answer 1

Tibia

Talus

Question 2

List all the bones of the foot.

Answer 2

Talus
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Medial intermediate & Lateral Cuniform
Navicular
Metatarsals - 1,2,3,4,5
Phalanges.

Question 3

Describe the functions of the foot. (Conflicting)

Answer 3

Stability:
stable base of support
ridged lever
Mobility:
Absorption of rotation.
shock absorption

Question 4

Describe the major lateral ligaments of the ankle.

Answer 4

Anterior talofibular ligament: anterior lateral malleolus to neck of talus, weak.
Posterior talo ligament: posterior lateral malleolus to lateral tuburcle of talus, strong.
Calcaneofibular ligament: tip of lateral malleoulus to lateral surface of calcaneus.

Question 5

Describe the major medial ligament of the ankle.

Answer 5

Deltoid (medial) Ligament: Tibia to Talus, navicular.

Question 6

Describe the three arches of the foot.

Answer 6

Longitudinal Archs (Medial and Lateral) : Sides of the foot - Medial is higher than lateral. Lateral is longer than medial.
Transverse Arch: 3 Cuniforms and the cuboid form the transverse arch.

Question 7

Describe the plantar fascia.

Answer 7

a.k.a. Plantar aponeurosis.

Dense layer of deep fascia. Helps maintain longitudinal arches of foot.

Question 8

Describe the deep plantar ligaments. (3)

Answer 8

Long Plantar: Calcaneus to cuboid, base metatarsals.
Short Plantar: Between spring and long plantar. calcaneus to cuboid.
Spring: Helps maintain longitudinal arches.

Question 9

List the intrinsic muscles of the foot.

Answer 9

Abductors of the little and big toe.
Toe flexors.
Lumbricals.
Interossei.
Toe extensors.

Question 10

How are the intrinsic muscles of the foot innervated?

Answer 10

Tom Dick And Very Nervous Harry.

Run through tarsal tunnel and become the plantar nerves.

Question 11

List the muscles in the first layer of the foot.

Answer 11

Flexor Digitorum Brevis.
Abductor Digiti Minimi.
Abductor Hallucis.

Question 12

Describe the flexor digitorum brevis.

Answer 12

Origin: Tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar fascia.
Insertion: Middle phalanx, lateral 4 toes.
Action: Flex lateral 4 toes.
Nerve Supply: Medial plantar. (S2, S3)

Question 13

Describe the Abductor digiti minimi.

Answer 13

Origin: Tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar fascia.
Insertion: Lateral side, base proximal, phalanx, 5th toe.
Action: Abduct and flex 5th toe
Nerve Supply: Lateral Plantar. (S2, S3)

Question 14

Describe the abductor hallucis.

Answer 14

Origin: Tuberosity of Calcaneus, flexor retinaculum, plantar fascia.
Insertion: Medial side, base proximal phalanx 1st toe.
Action: Abducts and flexes hallux.
Nerve Supply: Medial plantar. (S2, S3)

Question 15

List the muscles of the 2nd layer of the foot.

Answer 15

Lumbricals.

Quadratis plantae.