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Anatomy (Neck and Head) > Spinal Cord, Brain, Meninges > Flashcards

Spinal Cord, Brain, Meninges Flashcards

1
Q

Where is CSF located?

A

Subarachnoid space (superficial to pia mater and deep to arachnoid mater)

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2
Q

Where is a caudal epidural performed?

A

sacral hiatus

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3
Q

What is numbed by an epidural block in lumbar region?

A

dorsal and ventral roots in lumbar region

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4
Q

Where does the dural sac (dura mater) terminate?

A

S2 vertebral level

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5
Q

What is arachnoid mater deep to?

A

dura mater

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6
Q

What is the name for the enlargement of subarachnoid space in the lower lumbar region of the vertebral column?

A

lumbar cistern

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7
Q

Denticulate ligaments are lateral extentions of which spinal meningeal layer?

A

pia mater

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8
Q

In adults how much of the vertebral canal does the spinal cord occupy?

A

2/3 since growth of the vertebral column exceeds that of the spinal cord during development

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9
Q

Where are the two spinal cord enlargements?

A
  1. Cervical enlargement
    - ventral rami give rise to the brachial plexus
  2. Lumbosacral enlargement
    - ventral rami give rise to the lumbosacral plexus
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10
Q

Where does the conus medularis terminate?

A

L1 or L2

-in children the conus medullaris may terminate as low as L3

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11
Q

To performa lumbar puncture (spinal tap) where is the needle inserted?

A

L3-L4 interlaminar space

or

L4-L5 interlaminar space

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12
Q

What makes up the cauda equina?

A

elongated lumbosacral (and coccygeal if present) dorsal and ventral roots

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13
Q

Where does the filum terminale start and end?

A

Start: tip of the conus medullaris

End: passes through the sacral hiatus to attach to the coccyx

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14
Q

Where are ventral and dorsal roots located in relation to the vertebral canal?

A

within the vertebral canal

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15
Q

Where are dorsal root ganglia located?

A

dorsal root ganglia are located in intervertebral foramina

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16
Q

What is the name for the roof of the skull?

A

calvaria

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17
Q

What is the name for the floor of the skull?

A

basicranium

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18
Q

Name the three principle sutures of the skull?

A
  1. Sagittal (between parietal bones)
  2. Coronal (between frontal and parietal bones)
  3. Lambdoid (between occipital, temporal, and parietal bones)
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19
Q

Pterion is the junction between which bones?

A
  1. parietal
  2. temporal
  3. frontal
  4. sphenoid
20
Q

Fractures at pterion can injure which vessel?

A

anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery

-causes an epidural hematoma

21
Q

Middle meningeal artery supplies what?

A

cranial dura mater

22
Q

How many layers does the spinal dura mater have? the cranial?

A

Spinal:
1 layer

Cranial dura mater:
2 layers (external periosteal layer, internal meningeal layer)
23
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate the cranial dura mater?

A
  • Trigeminal (CN V)
  • Vagus (CN X)

*clinically relevant or headache or migraine

24
Q

What type of hematoma can occur at the dura-arachnoid junction?

A

dural border (subdural) hematoma

25
Q

Arachnoid granulations function

A

transfer of CSF to the venous system

26
Q

Name the 4 dural reflections

A
  1. Falx cerebri
  2. Tentorium cerebelli
  3. Falx cerebelli
  4. Diaphragm sellae
27
Q

Where is the anterior attachement of the Falx cerebri

A

frontal crest and crista galli

28
Q

Where is the posterior attachment of the Falx cerebri?

A

occipital bone

29
Q

Which dural reflection is between the occipital lobes of the cerebrum and cerebellum (transverse)?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

30
Q

Where does the diaphragm sellae attach?

A

clinoid processes

-forms a roof over pituitary gland but allows infundibulum (pituitary stalk) and veins to pass through

31
Q

Where do dural venous sinuses drain?

A

internal jugular veins

32
Q

What two structures combine to form the straight sinus?

A
  1. Great cerebral vein
  2. Inferior sagittal sinus

*at the junction between falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

33
Q

What combine to form the confluence of sinuses?

A
  1. superior sagittal sinus
  2. straight sinus
    3 occipital sinus
34
Q

What path does blood take from the confluence of sinuses to the internal jugular vein?

A

Confluence of sinuses > transverse sinuses > Sigmoid sinuses > internal jugular

35
Q

Which two sinuses drain directly into the internal jugular veins?

A
  1. Inferior petrosal sinus

2. Sigmoid sinus

36
Q

What are the three structures that the cavernous sinuses drain into?

A
  1. Superior petrosal sinus (joins the transverse)
  2. Inferior petrosal sinus (joints the internal jugular)
  3. Pterygoid plexus
37
Q

Which two structures pass through the cavernous sinus?

A
  1. Internal carotid artery
    * only structure in the body where an artery passes through vein
  2. Abducent nerve (CN VI)
38
Q

Which 4 structures are in the lateral walls of the cavernous sinuses?

A
  1. Oculomotor (CN III)
  2. Trochlear (IV)
  3. Opthalmic (V1)
  4. Maxillary (V2)
39
Q

What are the folds in the surface of the brain called?

A

gyri

40
Q

What are the grooves in the brain surface?

A

sulci

41
Q

What are the 3 components of the brainstem?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla oblongata

*gives rise to most cranial nerves

42
Q

Vertebral arteries supply which part of the brain?

A

posterior circulation

travel within transverse foramina (C6-C1

43
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries enter the brain?

A

foramen magnum

44
Q

Vertebral arteries give rise to what artery?

A

basilar artery

45
Q

What are the three branches of the internal carotid?

A
  1. Anterior cerebral
  2. Middle cerebral
  3. Opthlamic artery (doesn’t supply brain)

*connects via the posterior communicating artery to the posterior cerebral

46
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery enter the cranium?

A

carotid canal in temporal bone

then courses medially and horizontally- superior to cartilage covering foramen lacerum

Anatomy (Neck and Head) (8 decks)

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