Spinal Bio I Test 3 Flashcards
Study of Joints
Arthrology
Syndesmology
Study of Ligaments
2+ bones united by soft tissues?
Joint
How are joints classified?
By Structure and/or motion
Soft tissue attaching bone to bone
Ligament
Ligaments are composed of what?
Collagen= microscopic fibrils (visible fibers)
Multiple orientations
What appears white and shiny?
Ligament
what gives ligaments a white appearance?
Collagen
What gives a ligament the shiny appearance?
Surface membrane
What is indicated by a yellow colored ligament?
Increased % of elastin (up to 30%)
What is very strong and tough (may cause cortex avulsion= breakage of bone)
Ligament
Unstretchable and inelastic
Ligament
A continuous load on a ligament produces…
Ligamentous creep
Is flexible to allow joint motion…
Ligament
Slack in neutral position
Ligament
Taut at the extreme of a joint motion
Ligament
Tension restricts Range of Motion of the joint
Ligament
Active Range of Motion (2)
- Caused by the intrinsic muscles
- Normal ROM of activity
(done by patient)
Passive Range of Motion (3)
- Caused by external force
- Greater than active ROM
- 5-10% safety factor (decreases the risk of joint trauma)
(Done by doctor)
Motion beyond maximum ligament tension
Dislocation
Dislocation is caused by
external force
Results in tearing and/or joint trauma
Dislocation
Whats an MD’s problem?
Dislocation
Misalignment less than a luxation
Subluxation
NOT a severe joint trauma
Subluxation
Mild local neurological trauma
Subluxation
White, non-contractile part of muscle
Tendon
Attaches Red, contractile muscle belly to the bone…
Tendon
Tendon Composition
Collagen Fibrils/Fibers
Less dense than ligament
tendon
Fibers of tendon are ______ to the muscles pull?
Parallel
More loosely attached, some stretch
Tendons
The membranous covering of bones
periostium
Composition of Periostium
Collagen fibers
Very dense (felt-like mat)
Periosteum
Random fiber orientation resulting in no pull
Periosteum
Protects bone
Periosteum
2 surfaces perioteum DOESN’T protect
- Tendon/Ligament attachments
2. Joint surfaces
Bone repair where in periosteum
underside layer of cells=healing site
Covers joint surfaces
Hyaline/Articular Cartilage
Smooth, hard, shiny, bluish white
Hyaline/Articular Cartilage
Low friction surface for joint motion
Hyaline/Articular Cartilage
3 categories of joint classification- new system
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
AKA Fibrous Joints=
Juncturae Fibrosae
2 bones united by a simple fibrous ligament
Fibrous Joint
Usually immovable
Fibrous Joint
4 sub-categories of Juncturae Fibrosae
- Suture- Suturae
- Peg in a socket- Gomphosis (PIG)
- Plate/ Cleft- Schindylesis
- Syndesmosis
Interdigitated bone margins w/ a thin layer of fibrous tissue
Suture joints
Most immovable of all joints
Suture Joints
Suture joints only found btw what bones?
Bones of skull
A conical peg received into a conical socket…
Gomphosis
Peg in a socket
Greek for peg
Gomphosis
Teeth into the mandible/maxilla
Gomphosis
Peg in a socket
A vertical plate received into a cleft
Schindylesis
Plate Joint
Cleft Joint
Plate/Cleft/Schindylesis is similar to what other joint?
Suture/Sutrae Joints
Nasal Septum into the skull is a _____ joint?
Schindylesis
Plate/Cleft Joint
2 bones united by an interosseus membrane
Syndesmosis Joint
Most movable fibrous joint
Syndesmosis
Inferior Tibio-fibular joint, radius- ulna joint, interspinous joints… examples of
Syndesmosis Joints
AKA Cartilaginous Joint
Juncturae Cartilaginae
2 bones united by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
Juncturae Cartilaginae
Cartilage Joint
Usually slightly movable
Cartilage Joint
2 sub-categories of Juncturae Cartilaginae
- Sychrondosis Joints - Primary
2. Disc Joints- Symphysis- Secondary
Only temporary joints
Primary
Sychrondrosis Joints
Btw Metaphyses and Epiphyses of bones
Sychrondrosis Joints
Primary
Ossify and disappear at puberty
Sychrondrosis Joints
Primary
Growth plate of Synchrondrosis Joint?
Ligament…. (Page 52?)
2 bones united by a broad, flat DISC of fibrocartilage
Disc Joint
Symphysis
Secondary
Fibrous externally
Cartilage internally
Disc Joint
Symphysis
Secondary
Vertebral Bodies, Pubic Symphysis, IVD
Disc Joint
Symphysis
Secondary
AKA Synovial Joint
Juncturae Synovialis
2 Bones separated by a true joint space
Synovial Joint
Juncturae Synovialis
Connected by a ligamentous sleeve
Synovial Joint
Juncturae Synovialis
Named for synovia (clear internal fluid)
Synovial Joint
Articular surfaces are not directly connected
Synovial Joint
Has a complex, characteristic ligament structure
Synovial Joint
Surrounds articular surfaces of Synovial Joint
Articular Capsule
Capsular Ligament
May or may not be the only ligament (synovial joint)
Capsular Ligament
Articular Capsule
Usually slack and loose to allow ROM (synovial joint)
Articular Capsule
Capsular Ligament
Bones connected by a ligament sleeve (synovial joint)
Articular Capsule
Capsular Ligament
Potential joint space (synovial joint)
Capsule
Covers all joint surfaces
Hyaline Cartilage
Very smooth macroscopically
Hyaline Cartilage
Has many microscopic pores
Hyaline Cartilage
Absorbs synovia when there is no load
Hyaline Cartilage Pores
Weeps/exudes synovia when there is a load
Hyaline Cartilage Pores
Increased load causes ______ & _______ of Hyaline cartilage Pores?
Thinner layer
Reduced friction
Minimum co-efficient
Hyaline Cartilage Pores
Avascular (synovial joint)
Hyaline Cartilage Pores
Continuous erosion and repair
Hyaline Cartilage Pores
Modified Endothelial tissue
Synovial membrane
Lines the entire joint surface of a synovial joint
Synovial fluid
DOESN’T cover the articular cartilage
Synovial membrane
3 functions of Synovial membrane
- forms synovia
- secretes/ reabsorbs synovia
- maintains fluid balance
Name= like egg whites…
Synovia
Synovial fluid
Modified blood serum
Synovia
Synovial fluid
No RBC but has WBC
Synovia
Synovial Fluid
Increased proteins, CHO’s and O2
Synovia
Synovial Fluid
Formed by selective filtration through the synovial membrane
Synovia
Synovial Fluid
Lubrication of the joint surface of a synovial joint
Synovia
Synovial fluid
3 functions of Synovia
- lubricate the joint surface
- nourish the chondrocytes
- phagocytosis by the WBC’s
What Nourishes the chondrocytes in a synovial joint?
Synovia
Synovial Fluid
CHO’s, O2 and Proteins are pulled in (synovial joint)
Synovial Fluid - nourishes the chondrocytes
CO2, Urea and wastes are taken out (synovial joint)
Synovial Fluid- Nourishes the chondrocytes
Phagocytosis by the WBC’s in….
Synovial Fluid
Synovia
Removes joint debris/ bacteria/viruses (synovial joint)
Phagocytosis by WBC- Synovial Fluid/Synovia
Most common type of joint
Synovial
Most freely movable type of joint
Juncturae Synovialis
Most varied joint in structure and motion
Juncturae Synovialis
6 Sub-Categories of a Synovial Joint
- Hinge (Ginglymus)
- Pivot (Trochoid)
- Gliding/Plane (Arthrosis/ Articulatio Plana)
- Knuckle (Condyloid/Ellipsoid)
- Ball and Socket (Enarthrosis/ Spheroidea)
- Reciprocal Reception/Saddle (Sellar)
AKA Hinge Joint
Ginglymus (the DOG)
Allows motion in 1 plane only
Ginglymus/ HInge Joint
Plane of motion defined as F/ E
Ginglymus/ Hinge Joint
Very Common (knee, elbow)
Ginglymus/ Hinge Joint
Other ROM limited by configuration/ Collateral Ligaments or both
Ginglymus/ Hinge Joint
AKA Pivot Joint
Trochoid
Allows Rotary motion only
Trochoid/ Pivot Joint
Central bony pivot within an osseoligamentous ring
Trochoid/ Pivot Joint
Pivot turns within the ring (proximal radio-ulnar joint)
Trochoid/ Pivot Joint
Ring turns around the pivot (Central atlanto-axial joint)
Trochoid/ Pivot Joint
AKA Gliding/ Plane Joints
Arthrosis
Articulatio Plana
2 flat or slightly concave/ convex surfaces
Arthrosis
Articulatio Plana
Gliding
Plane
Allow simple gliding motion
Articulatio Plana
Arthrosis
Gliding
Plane
Simplest type of synovial joint
Gliding
Plane
Arthrosis
Articulatio Plana
ROM limited by the Capsular ligament
Gliding
Plane
Arthrosis
Articulatio Plana
Often found in a series like:
Carpal bones
Tarsal bones
Zygapophyseal joints
Gliding
Plane
Arthrosis
Articulatio Plana
Each joint allows a _____ ROM and the entire series produces a _______ composite ROM in Arthrosis Joint
Limited
Large
AKA Knuckle Joints
Condyloid
Ellipsoid
Defined by the shape of the joint surface
Condyloid
Ellipsoid
Knuckle Joints
An Oval Convexity in an Oval Concavity
Knuckle Joint
Ellipsoid
Condyloid
Allows F/ E along the long axis
Condyloid
Ellipsoid
Knuckle Joint
Allows lateral flexion along the short axes
Condyloid
Ellipsoid
Knuckle
Rotation would result in disarticulation
Condyloid
Ellipsoid
Knuckle
Often paired/ parallel condyles on one bone
Condyloid
Ellipsoid
Knuckle
Disallows Lateral Flexion- 1 condyle tracks the other is dislocated
Knuckle
Condyloid
Ellipsoid
Double Classification as a Ginglymus and Synovial Joint
Knuckle
Condyloid
Ellipsoid
AKA Ball and Socket Joint
Enarthrosis
Spheroidea
Modified Condyloid Joint
Enarthrosis
Spheroidea
Ball and Socket Joint
Spherical convexity received into an osseo-ligamentous socket
Ball and Socket
Enarthrosis
Spheroidea
Most freely movable joint (synovial joint)
Ball and Socket
Enarthrosis
Spheroidea
Deep socket gives_______ ________ in hip
Increased stability
Shallow socket allows _______ _______ in shoulder
Increased ROM
AKA Reciprocal Reception
Saddle Joint
Sellar (the horse!)
2 matching concavo-convex surfaces
Sellar
Saddle Joint
Reciprocal Reception
Like 2 saddles fit together
Sellar
Saddle Joint
Reciprocal Reception
Allow F/ E, Lateral Flexion but NO Rotation
Sellar
Saddle Joint
Reciprocal Reception
Carpo (Trapezium)- metacarpal joint of the thumb is…
Sellar
Saddle
Reciprocal Reception
Arthrology/ syndesmology of the vertebral column
Sellar
Saddle
Reciprocal Reception
Old system has 3 main categories based on….
Mobility
New system has 3 main categories based on….
Structure
3 Main categories of Old system
- Synarthrosis
- Amphiarthrosis
- Diarthrosis
Are synarthrosis movable or immovable?
Immovable
All fibrous joints except syndesmosis (old system)
Synarthrosis (immovable)
Encompasses Synchrondrosis (old system)
Synarthrosis
Slighly movable in the old system
Amphiarthrosis
Includes Symphysis and Syndesmoisis in old system
Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
Freely movable in old system
Diarthrosis
Includes Synovial in old system
Diarthrosis (freely movable)
What 23 joints have similar structure and ligaments?
C2/C3 - L5/ S1
3 Joints for all 23 joints…
- Cartilaginae Symphysis
- Fibrosae Syndesmosis
- Synovialis Arthrosis
In common joints- Cartilaginous Disc Joints btw the bodies are called….
Cartilaginae Symphysis
In common joints- the Simple Fibrous joints btw the spinous processes, transverse processes and laminae are called….
Fibrosae Syndesmosis
In the common joint- Gliding Synovial Joints btw the Zygapophyses are called….
Synovialis Arthrosis
The joint btw the vertebral bodies is classified as what?
Cartilaginous Disc Joint
3 Distinct Ligaments of the joint btw the vertebral bodies
- IVD
- Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)
- Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL)
23 separate and distinct ligaments
IVD’s
Intervertebral Discs
Found from C2/C3 - L5/ S1
IVD’s
ALL- Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
PLL- Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
1 Continuous ligament btw vertebral bodies
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (Common)
Attached at each level btw Vertebral Bodies
ALL
Unites Anterior Bodies and IVD’s at each level
ALL
Thin cord from the basion to the C2 Body
ALL
Wide band from C2 to the S1 Promontory
3/4” wide at C2 (2 cm)
1-3/4” wide at S1 (4 cm)
ALL
Thinnest in the Cervicals
ALL
Thickest in the Thoracic Spine
ALL
Assists the IVD in limiting Extension
ALL
Unites posterior bodies and IVD’s at each level from C2-S1
PLL
Forms the Anterior wall of the neural canal
PLL
Tightly fused to the posterior annulus fibrosus of the IVD
PLL
Loosely attached to the posterior vertebral bodies
PLL
Allows emission of the base-vertebral foramina underneath
PLL
Widely attached across the IVD
PLL
Narrowly attached btw the pedicles
PLL
Denser than the ALL
PLL
Extends upward as the Membrana Tectoria
PLL
PLL Extends upward to form the what?
Membrana Tectoria
Joint btw the Spinous Processes
Simple Fibrous Joint
3 Ligaments btw the Spinous Processes
- Interspinous
- Supraspinous
- Nuchal Ligament
23 separate ligaments
Interspinous
Ligament that Unites 1 spinous with the spinous process above
Interspinous Ligament
Ligament From C2/ C3 to L5/ 1st Sacral Tubercle
Interspinous Ligament
Ligament that extends from the base to the tip of each Spinous Process
Interspinous
1 Continuous Ligament from C7 to S1
Supraspinous Ligament
Ligament is a thick cord uniting the distal tubercles of successive spinouses
Supraspinous Ligament
Anterior edge of what ligament is fused with the intersprinous ligament?
Supraspinous Ligament
Ligament that extends upward as the posterior cord of the Nuchal Ligament
Supraspinous Ligament
AKA Nuchal Ligament
Ligamentum Nuchae
How many distinct parts on Nuchal Ligament?
2 distinct parts
Ligament with cord like posterior portion
Nuchal Ligament
AKA for cord like posterior portion
Posterior Cervical Ligament
Part of Nuchal ligament that’s somewhat elastic
Cord like posterior portion
Posterior Cervical Ligament
Part of Nuchal Ligament that directs upward continuation of the supraspinous ligament
Posterior Cervical Ligament
Cord like posterior portion
Attached from C7 to EOP
Nuchal Ligament
Posterior Cervical Ligament
Cord like posterior portion
2 distinct parts of Nuchal Ligament
- Cord like posterior portion
2. Membranous anterior portion
Thin delicate membrane part of Nuchal Ligament
Membranous Anterior Portion
Part of Nuchal Ligament that forms a mid-sagittal septum
Membranous Anterior Portion
Part of Nuchal Ligament that attaches the posterior cord to the posterior cervical spine
Membranous Anterior Portion
Where does the Membranous Anterior Portion of the Nuchal Ligament attach?
Occipital Crest/ Median Nuchal Line
Posterior tubercle of C1
All Cervical Spinous Processes
Interspinous Ligaments
What are the zygopophyseal joints AKA
Gliding Synovial Joint
What joint has only 1 ligament per joint= articular capsule
Zygapopyseal Joint
Gliding Synovial Joint
23 Pairs (L/R) from C2/C3 to L5/S1
Zygapophyseal Joint
Gliding Synovial Joint
What joint is thin and loose to allow free gliding motion?
Zygapophyseal Joint
Gliding Synovial Joint
Thinnest and loosest joint in the cervicals
Zygapophyseal Joints
Gliding Synovial Joint
Joint with strong and tough fibrous tissue
Zygapophyseal Joint
Gliding Synovial Joint
What do the zygapophyseal joints act to limit?
ROM
Tough fibrous tissue of zygapophyseal joints help it to resist….
Dislocation and tearing
How are/where are the zygapophyseal joints reinforced?
Anteriorly and Posteriorly
What kind of joints are btw the laminae?
Simple Fibrous Joints
Joints btw _________ have only 1 ligament per joint (L/R joints)
Btw Laminae
Simple Fibrous Joint
23 L/R pairs of yellow ligaments are where?
Btw Laminae
Simple Fibrous Joint
AKA for joints btw the laminae
Ligamenta Flava
What type of joint unites one lamina to the lamina above?
Simple Fibrous Joint
Do the ligaments btw laminae fuse at the midline?
No but they do touch (L + R sides)
Do the ligaments of the lamina fuse with the interspinous ligament?
No, they touch but do not fuse posteriorly to the interspinous ligament
What is the most elastic ligament in the body?
Yellow Ligament of the Laminae
Yellow means/=
high % elastin
Yellow ligaments have true ______ & ______
Stretch and elasticity
What do yellow ligaments minimize?
Anterior bulging during hyper-extension
What kind of joint exists btw the Transverse Processes?
Simple Fibrous Joints
Btw the Transverse Processes there are 22 distinct pairs of L/R ______ _______
Intertransverse Ligaments
What approximately attaches from one transverse to the transverse above
Interstransverse Ligaments
Where are the intertransverse ligaments found?
C2/C3 - L4/L5
In what region are the intertransverse ligaments distinct?
Lumbar
In the lumbar region this ligament is attached to the intertransversarii muscle fascia
Intertransverse Ligament
There are 9 common ligaments of the spine. What are the 3 categories
- Unite the vertebral bodies
- Unite the Spinous Processes
- Unite the Vertebral Arches
The ALL, PLL and IVD’s unite what?
Vertebral Bodies
The vertebral bodies are united via what three ligaments?
- Anterior Longitudinal (common) Ligament- Basion to S1
- Posterior Longitudinal (common) Ligament- C2-S1
- IVD’s- 23 separate ligaments from C2/C3-L5/S1
The interspinous, supraspinous and nuchal ligaments unite what?
Spinous Processes
The Capsules, Yellow ligaments and Intertransverse ligaments unite what?
Vertebral Arches
What are the 9 common ligaments of the spine?
- ALL
- PLL
- IVD
- Interspinous
- Supraspinous
- Nuchal
- Capsule
- Yellow
- Intertransverse
What kind of joint is the AO joint?
Synovial Condyloid Hinge Joint
- there is some controversy over this classification
The AO joint may vary from person to person from being a ______ ____ to a ______ & ______
Condyloid Hinge to a ball & socket
What are the 4 distinct ligaments of the AO joint?
- Articular Capsules (L/R)
- Anterior AO Membrane
- Posterior AO Membrane
- Lateral AO Ligaments (L/R)
What AO ligament unites condyles to the C1 lateral masses?
Articular Capsule
What AO ligament is relatively tight and allows very slight ROM?
Articular Capsules
Which AO ligament is attached marginally just below the joint surfaces?
Articular Capsules
Which AO ligament Unites Anterior Arch to the Basion Directly Above?
Anterior AO Membrane
Which 2 AO ligaments are thin vertical membranous ligament?
Anterior AO Membrane
Posterior AO Membrane
Which 2 AO Ligaments extend laterally to fuse with the capsules?
Anterior AO Membrane
Posterior AO Membrane
Which AO ligament is Homologous to ALL and Anterior Atlantoaxial membrane?
Anterior AO Membrane
The Anterior AO Membrane is Homologous to what?
ALL
Anterior AA Membrane
Which 2 ligaments have a thin cord of the ALL attached to the anterior midline?
Anterior AO Membrane
Anterior AA Membrane
Which AO Ligament unites the Posterior Arch to the Squamous Occiput directly above?
Posterior AO Membrane
Which AO Ligament is Homologous to the yellow ligaments?
Posterior AO Membrane
The Posterior AO Membrane is Homologous to what?
Yellow LIgaments
Which AO Ligaments inferior margin arches over the superior neural groove?
Posterior AO Membrane
This AO ligament forms 1st IVF
Posterior AO Membrane
AKA Arcuate Foramina
First IVF
Formed by Posterior AO Membrane
Which AO Ligament allows for the passage of the vertebral arteries in and C1 Spinal nerve out?
Posterior AO Membrane
This AO Ligament is sometimes calcified
Posterior AO Membrane
Partial about 18% present
Complete about 3% present
If the Posterior AO Membrane is calcified what is it called?
Posticus Ponticus
Which xray is a Posticus Ponticus visible on?
Ossificaiton of the Posterior AO Membrane
Visible on Lateral Cervical X-Ray
The AO ligament defines the Arcuate foramen when 18% present
Posterior AO Membrane
AKA Lateral AO Ligaments
Anterior Oblique Ligaments
L/R
This AO Ligament unites the proximal anterior Transverses to jugular processes above
Lateral AO ligament
Anterior Oblique Ligament
Which AO Ligament is fused with the capsules medially?
Lateral AO ligament
Anterior Oblique Ligament
This AO Ligament is homologous to the intertransverse ligament
Lateral AO Ligament
Anterior Oblique Ligament
The Anterior Oblique Ligament is Homologous to
Intertransverse Ligament
What kind of joint is the AA joint?
Gliding/ Pivot Synovial Joint
What are the 2 distinct articulations of the AA joint
- Central AA joint
2. 2 Lateral AA joints
The joint btw the anterior arch and the dens is called what?
Central AA joint
The joint btw the C1 IAS’s and the C2 SAS’s are what?
2 Lateral AA Joints
What kind of joint is the Central AA joint?
Pivot type synovial
What is an osseoligamentous ring moving around a central bony pivot?
Central AA joint (pivot type synovial joint)
What kind of joint are the 2 lateral AA joints?
Gliding type synovial joints
Which of the AA joints is very freely movable in rotation?
2 lateral AA joints
What are the 6 distinct ligaments of the AA joint?
- Transverse ligament of the atlas
- Anterior Articular capsule
- Lateral Articular Capsules (L/R)
- Anterior AA Membrane
- Posterior AA Membrane
- Accessory Ligaments (L/R)
Which AA ligament is a thick strong cord?
Transverse Ligament of the atlas
Which AA ligament is attached btw the L/R medial atlantal tubercles
Transverse Ligament of the Atlas
Which ligament presses against the neck of the dens and produces the posterior groove?
Transverse Ligament of the Atlas
Which ligament causes the dens to be pressed against the fovea dentalis?
Transverse Ligament of the Atlas
What is the main ligament of the central AA joint?
Transverse Ligament of the Atlas
Which ligament often has a synovial bursa btw it and the dens?
Transverse Ligament of the Atlas
What is a self contained synovial packet?
Synovial Bursa
What is lined with synovial membrane?
Synovial Bursa
What is loosely wedged in place?
Synovial Bursa
Bursa=
purse
general lubricating structure
outer layers= ligament
Which AA ligament is a very loose and delicate capsule?
Anterior articular capsule
This AA ligament unites the anterior articular facet of the dens with the fovea dentalis
Anterior Articular capsule
What is the anterior articular capsule attached to
Joint margins
Which AA ligament DOES NOT limit ROM but is only used for lubrication?
Anterior Articular Capsule
What is the capsule of the central AA joint?
Anterior Articular Capsule
Which AA ligaments are strong but very loose?
Lateral Articular Capsules (L/R)
What ligaments unites C1 IAS with the C2 SAS on each side?
Lateral Articular Capsules
What are the lateral articular capsules attached to?
joint margins
What are the main ligaments of the L/R Lateral Joints?
Lateral Articular Capsules (L/R)
Which AA ligament is a thin vertical membranous ligament
Anterior AA membrane
What unites the anterior surface of C2 to the anterior arch directly above
Anterior AA membrane
What is the Anterior AA membrane homologous to?
ALL
Anterior AO Membrane
Homologous to the ALL and Anterior AO Membrane
Anterior AA membrane
Which AA ligament extends laterally to fuse with L/R capsules?
Anterior AA Membrane
Unites the C2 laminae to the posterior arch directly above
Posterior AA Membrane
Extends anterolaterally to the inferior neural notch (AA joint)
Posterior AA membrane
The anterior margins of the ligament are the posterior margins of the 2nd IVF’s
Posterior AA membrane
Homologous to the Yellow ligaments and Posterior AO membrane
Posterior AA membrane
Posterior AA membrane is homologous to
Yellow Ligament
Posterior AO membrane
Unite the posterior base of the dens to the medial atlantal tubercles
Accessory ligaments (L/R)
What ligament helps limit C1 contralateral rotation?
Accessory ligaments
Which AA ligaments are strong short bands of ligament?
Accessory ligaments
The classification of this joint:
Varies with age
Cartilaginous disc joints until about 20 yrs.
Simple fibrous joint from 20 to ossification
Fusion= 30/40 males, 40/50 females
Intercoccygeal joints
3 Distinct ligaments of the intercoccygeal joints?
- Intervertebral fibrocartilages (IVFCs)
- Anterior intercoccygeal ligament
- Posterior Intercoccygeal ligament
This Coccygeal ligament attaches each segment to the one below
Intervertebral fibrocartilages (IVFCs)
Very rudimentary IVD
Less well- organized
Intervertebral fibrocartilages (IVFCs)
This ligament usually calcifies
Intervertebral Fibrocartilages (IVFCs) Cx1/Cx2 may not calcify
What is the downward continuation of the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament?
Anterior intercoccygeal ligament
What fuses with the IVFC’s at each level?
Anterior Intercoccygeal ligament
What is homologous to the ALL in the coccyx?
Anterior Intercoccygeal ligament
What fuses with the IVFCs at each level?
Posterior Intercoccygeal ligament
Inferior continuation of teh superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Posterior intercoccygeal ligament
How many distinct ligaments does the sacrococcygeal articulation have?
6
What is the classification of the sacrococcygeal articulation?
Cartilaginous Disc Joint
What unites the sacral apex to the coccygeal base?
IVFC
Less well organized (rudimentary) IVD
IVFC of sacrococcygeal articulation
Calcifies in sacrococcygeal fusion
IVFC
Unites the anterior surface of S5 to the anterior surface of Cx1
Anterior Sacrococcygeal ligament
Indirect downward continuation of the ALL
Anterior Sacrococcygeal ligament
Rudimentary S1-S5 ALL
Anterior Sacrococcygeal ligament
Degenerates with sacral fusion into longitudinal periosteal fibers
Anterior Sacrococcygeal ligament
Continues downward as the anterior intercoccygeal ligament
Anterior Sacrococcygeal ligament
Unite the lateral inferior angles to Cx 1 rudimentary transverses
Lateral Sacrococcygeal ligaments (L/R)
Form the 30th IVF’s (false), pass ventral rami of the S5 spinal nerves
Lateral Sacrococcygeal ligaments
Homologous to the intertransverse ligaments
Lateral Sacrococcygeal ligaments
Lateral Sacrococcygeal ligaments are homologous to
Intertransverse ligaments
Attach the sacrum cornu to the coccygeal cornu directly below
Intercornual/ interarticular ligaments (L/R)
Short fibrous bands of ligament in the sacrococcygeal articulation
Intercornual/interarticular ligaments
Homologous to the articular capsules
Intercornual/interarticular ligaments
Intercornual/interarticular ligaments are homologous to
Articular capsules
rudimentary pre/post zygapophyses
cornua
Arises form the posterior surface of S5
Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Attaches to the back margin of the coccygeal base
Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Indirect downward continuation of the PLL
Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Rudimentary S1-S5 PLL
Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Degenerates with sacral fusion, becomes longitudinal periosteal fibers
Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Doesn’t continue down the posterior coccyx
Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Arises off the posterior surface of the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Attaches to the posterior surface of Cx1
Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Continues downward as the posterior intercoccygeal ligament
Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
3 joints of lumbosacral articulation
- Fibrosae Syndesmosis
- Cartilaginae Symphysis
- Synovialis Arthrosis
Lumbosacral has how many of the common ligaments?
7 of the 9
What are the common ligaments of the lumbosacral articulation?
- ALL
- PLL
- IVD
- Interspinous
- Supraspinous
- Articular Capsules
- Yellow
What are the 2 unique specialized ligaments of the lumbosacral articulation?
- Iliolumbar ligaments (L/R)
2. Lumbosacral Ligaments (L/R)
Unite the distal L5 transverses to the iliac crests and sacral tuberosities
Iliolumbar Ligaments
May be a superior band up to the L4 Distal transverse process
Iliolumbar ligaments
Over developed intertransverse ligaments
Iliolumbar ligaments
Increase lumbosacral stability
Iliolumbar ligaments
Unite the proximal L5 transverses to the sacral base
Lumbosacral ligaments (L/R)
Less distinct that the iliolumbar ligaments
Lumbosacral ligaments
Increase lumbosacral stability
Lumbosacral ligaments
Which articulation does not have a classification?
OA complex (occipital axial)
Occurs btw the Occiput and C2 Dens
OA Complex (occipital axial)
What are the 4 distinct ligaments of the Occipital Axial Complex?
- Apical/Suspensory Ligament
- Alar/Check/Odontoid (L/R)
- Cruciate/ Cruciform
- Inferior Crux
Covering membrane of the OA complex
Membrana Tectoria
AKA Membrana Tectoria
Occipito Axial Membrane
Posterior C2 body to the internal Basion
Membrana tectoria
Broad membranous ligament covering the cruciate ligament
Membrana Tectoria
OA membrane
Direct upward continuation of the PLL
Membrane Tectoria
OA Membrane
May be a synovial bursa btw it and the cruciate ligament
Membrana Tectoria
OA Membrane
Isolates the brainstem from the C1/C2 joint
Membrana Tectoria
OA Membrane
Unties the apex of the dens to the basion directly above
Apical/ Suspensory Ligament
OA complex short thick cord of ligament
Apical/ Suspensory Ligament
Pulpy center (notochord remnant)
Apical/ Suspensory Ligament
Deepest OA ligament
Apical/ Suspensory Ligament
Lateral Apex of the dens to the L/R condylar tubercles
Alar/ Check/ Odontoid Ligaments (L/R)
AO Complex thick strong bands of ligament
Alar/ Check/ Odontoid Ligaments (L/R)
Help to limit rotation
Alar/ Check/ Odontoid Ligaments (L/R)
Homologous to and parallel to the L/R Accessory Ligaments
Alar/ Check/ Odontoid Ligaments (L/R)
Wings of dens=
Ala/ Alae
Unites occiput, atlas and axis
Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament
3 components of Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament
- horizontal= transverse ligament
- superior crux (superior longitudinal band)
- inferior crux (inferior longitudinal band)
Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament horizontal component=
transverse ligament
Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament: from mid-transverse ligament to the basion above
Superior Crux
Component of the Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament that presses against the posterior dens
Superior Crux
Component of the Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament that prevents the transverse ligament from slipping downward
Superior Crux
Component of the Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament from the mid-transverse ligament to the C2 body below
Inferior Crux
Component of Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament that prevents the transverse ligament from slipping upward
Inferior Crux
Component of the Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament that is very important during head flexion
Inferior Crux
Component of the Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament that is superficial to the aprical and alar ligaments
Inferior Crux
