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Quarter 2 > Spinal Bio I Test 3 > Flashcards

Spinal Bio I Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of Joints

A

Arthrology

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2
Q

Syndesmology

A

Study of Ligaments

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3
Q

2+ bones united by soft tissues?

A

Joint

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4
Q

How are joints classified?

A

By Structure and/or motion

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5
Q

Soft tissue attaching bone to bone

A

Ligament

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6
Q

Ligaments are composed of what?

A

Collagen= microscopic fibrils (visible fibers)

Multiple orientations

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7
Q

What appears white and shiny?

A

Ligament

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8
Q

what gives ligaments a white appearance?

A

Collagen

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9
Q

What gives a ligament the shiny appearance?

A

Surface membrane

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10
Q

What is indicated by a yellow colored ligament?

A

Increased % of elastin (up to 30%)

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11
Q

What is very strong and tough (may cause cortex avulsion= breakage of bone)

A

Ligament

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12
Q

Unstretchable and inelastic

A

Ligament

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13
Q

A continuous load on a ligament produces…

A

Ligamentous creep

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14
Q

Is flexible to allow joint motion…

A

Ligament

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15
Q

Slack in neutral position

A

Ligament

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16
Q

Taut at the extreme of a joint motion

A

Ligament

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17
Q

Tension restricts Range of Motion of the joint

A

Ligament

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18
Q

Active Range of Motion (2)

A
  1. Caused by the intrinsic muscles
  2. Normal ROM of activity
    (done by patient)
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19
Q

Passive Range of Motion (3)

A
  1. Caused by external force
  2. Greater than active ROM
  3. 5-10% safety factor (decreases the risk of joint trauma)
    (Done by doctor)
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20
Q

Motion beyond maximum ligament tension

A

Dislocation

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21
Q

Dislocation is caused by

A

external force

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22
Q

Results in tearing and/or joint trauma

A

Dislocation

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23
Q

Whats an MD’s problem?

A

Dislocation

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24
Q

Misalignment less than a luxation

A

Subluxation

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25
Q

NOT a severe joint trauma

A

Subluxation

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26
Q

Mild local neurological trauma

A

Subluxation

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27
Q

White, non-contractile part of muscle

A

Tendon

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28
Q

Attaches Red, contractile muscle belly to the bone…

A

Tendon

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29
Q

Tendon Composition

A

Collagen Fibrils/Fibers

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30
Q

Less dense than ligament

A

tendon

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31
Q

Fibers of tendon are ______ to the muscles pull?

A

Parallel

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32
Q

More loosely attached, some stretch

A

Tendons

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33
Q

The membranous covering of bones

A

periostium

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34
Q

Composition of Periostium

A

Collagen fibers

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35
Q

Very dense (felt-like mat)

A

Periosteum

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36
Q

Random fiber orientation resulting in no pull

A

Periosteum

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37
Q

Protects bone

A

Periosteum

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38
Q

2 surfaces perioteum DOESN’T protect

A
  1. Tendon/Ligament attachments

2. Joint surfaces

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39
Q

Bone repair where in periosteum

A

underside layer of cells=healing site

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40
Q

Covers joint surfaces

A

Hyaline/Articular Cartilage

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41
Q

Smooth, hard, shiny, bluish white

A

Hyaline/Articular Cartilage

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42
Q

Low friction surface for joint motion

A

Hyaline/Articular Cartilage

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43
Q

3 categories of joint classification- new system

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
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44
Q

AKA Fibrous Joints=

A

Juncturae Fibrosae

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45
Q

2 bones united by a simple fibrous ligament

A

Fibrous Joint

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46
Q

Usually immovable

A

Fibrous Joint

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47
Q

4 sub-categories of Juncturae Fibrosae

A
  1. Suture- Suturae
  2. Peg in a socket- Gomphosis (PIG)
  3. Plate/ Cleft- Schindylesis
  4. Syndesmosis
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48
Q

Interdigitated bone margins w/ a thin layer of fibrous tissue

A

Suture joints

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49
Q

Most immovable of all joints

A

Suture Joints

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50
Q

Suture joints only found btw what bones?

A

Bones of skull

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51
Q

A conical peg received into a conical socket…

A

Gomphosis

Peg in a socket

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52
Q

Greek for peg

A

Gomphosis

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53
Q

Teeth into the mandible/maxilla

A

Gomphosis

Peg in a socket

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54
Q

A vertical plate received into a cleft

A

Schindylesis
Plate Joint
Cleft Joint

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55
Q

Plate/Cleft/Schindylesis is similar to what other joint?

A

Suture/Sutrae Joints

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56
Q

Nasal Septum into the skull is a _____ joint?

A

Schindylesis

Plate/Cleft Joint

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57
Q

2 bones united by an interosseus membrane

A

Syndesmosis Joint

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58
Q

Most movable fibrous joint

A

Syndesmosis

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59
Q

Inferior Tibio-fibular joint, radius- ulna joint, interspinous joints… examples of

A

Syndesmosis Joints

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60
Q

AKA Cartilaginous Joint

A

Juncturae Cartilaginae

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61
Q

2 bones united by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

A

Juncturae Cartilaginae

Cartilage Joint

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62
Q

Usually slightly movable

A

Cartilage Joint

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63
Q

2 sub-categories of Juncturae Cartilaginae

A
  1. Sychrondosis Joints - Primary

2. Disc Joints- Symphysis- Secondary

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64
Q

Only temporary joints

A

Primary

Sychrondrosis Joints

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65
Q

Btw Metaphyses and Epiphyses of bones

A

Sychrondrosis Joints

Primary

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66
Q

Ossify and disappear at puberty

A

Sychrondrosis Joints

Primary

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67
Q

Growth plate of Synchrondrosis Joint?

A

Ligament…. (Page 52?)

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68
Q

2 bones united by a broad, flat DISC of fibrocartilage

A

Disc Joint
Symphysis
Secondary

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69
Q

Fibrous externally

Cartilage internally

A

Disc Joint
Symphysis
Secondary

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70
Q

Vertebral Bodies, Pubic Symphysis, IVD

A

Disc Joint
Symphysis
Secondary

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71
Q

AKA Synovial Joint

A

Juncturae Synovialis

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72
Q

2 Bones separated by a true joint space

A

Synovial Joint

Juncturae Synovialis

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73
Q

Connected by a ligamentous sleeve

A

Synovial Joint

Juncturae Synovialis

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74
Q

Named for synovia (clear internal fluid)

A

Synovial Joint

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75
Q

Articular surfaces are not directly connected

A

Synovial Joint

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76
Q

Has a complex, characteristic ligament structure

A

Synovial Joint

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77
Q

Surrounds articular surfaces of Synovial Joint

A

Articular Capsule

Capsular Ligament

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78
Q

May or may not be the only ligament (synovial joint)

A

Capsular Ligament

Articular Capsule

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79
Q

Usually slack and loose to allow ROM (synovial joint)

A

Articular Capsule

Capsular Ligament

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80
Q

Bones connected by a ligament sleeve (synovial joint)

A

Articular Capsule

Capsular Ligament

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81
Q

Potential joint space (synovial joint)

A

Capsule

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82
Q

Covers all joint surfaces

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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83
Q

Very smooth macroscopically

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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84
Q

Has many microscopic pores

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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85
Q

Absorbs synovia when there is no load

A

Hyaline Cartilage Pores

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86
Q

Weeps/exudes synovia when there is a load

A

Hyaline Cartilage Pores

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87
Q

Increased load causes ______ & _______ of Hyaline cartilage Pores?

A

Thinner layer

Reduced friction

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88
Q

Minimum co-efficient

A

Hyaline Cartilage Pores

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89
Q

Avascular (synovial joint)

A

Hyaline Cartilage Pores

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90
Q

Continuous erosion and repair

A

Hyaline Cartilage Pores

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91
Q

Modified Endothelial tissue

A

Synovial membrane

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92
Q

Lines the entire joint surface of a synovial joint

A

Synovial fluid

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93
Q

DOESN’T cover the articular cartilage

A

Synovial membrane

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94
Q

3 functions of Synovial membrane

A
  1. forms synovia
  2. secretes/ reabsorbs synovia
  3. maintains fluid balance
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95
Q

Name= like egg whites…

A

Synovia

Synovial fluid

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96
Q

Modified blood serum

A

Synovia

Synovial fluid

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97
Q

No RBC but has WBC

A

Synovia

Synovial Fluid

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98
Q

Increased proteins, CHO’s and O2

A

Synovia

Synovial Fluid

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99
Q

Formed by selective filtration through the synovial membrane

A

Synovia

Synovial Fluid

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100
Q

Lubrication of the joint surface of a synovial joint

A

Synovia

Synovial fluid

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101
Q

3 functions of Synovia

A
  1. lubricate the joint surface
  2. nourish the chondrocytes
  3. phagocytosis by the WBC’s
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102
Q

What Nourishes the chondrocytes in a synovial joint?

A

Synovia

Synovial Fluid

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103
Q

CHO’s, O2 and Proteins are pulled in (synovial joint)

A

Synovial Fluid - nourishes the chondrocytes

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104
Q

CO2, Urea and wastes are taken out (synovial joint)

A

Synovial Fluid- Nourishes the chondrocytes

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105
Q

Phagocytosis by the WBC’s in….

A

Synovial Fluid

Synovia

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106
Q

Removes joint debris/ bacteria/viruses (synovial joint)

A

Phagocytosis by WBC- Synovial Fluid/Synovia

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107
Q

Most common type of joint

A

Synovial

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108
Q

Most freely movable type of joint

A

Juncturae Synovialis

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109
Q

Most varied joint in structure and motion

A

Juncturae Synovialis

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110
Q

6 Sub-Categories of a Synovial Joint

A
  1. Hinge (Ginglymus)
  2. Pivot (Trochoid)
  3. Gliding/Plane (Arthrosis/ Articulatio Plana)
  4. Knuckle (Condyloid/Ellipsoid)
  5. Ball and Socket (Enarthrosis/ Spheroidea)
  6. Reciprocal Reception/Saddle (Sellar)
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111
Q

AKA Hinge Joint

A

Ginglymus (the DOG)

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112
Q

Allows motion in 1 plane only

A

Ginglymus/ HInge Joint

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113
Q

Plane of motion defined as F/ E

A

Ginglymus/ Hinge Joint

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114
Q

Very Common (knee, elbow)

A

Ginglymus/ Hinge Joint

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115
Q

Other ROM limited by configuration/ Collateral Ligaments or both

A

Ginglymus/ Hinge Joint

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116
Q

AKA Pivot Joint

A

Trochoid

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117
Q

Allows Rotary motion only

A

Trochoid/ Pivot Joint

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118
Q

Central bony pivot within an osseoligamentous ring

A

Trochoid/ Pivot Joint

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119
Q

Pivot turns within the ring (proximal radio-ulnar joint)

A

Trochoid/ Pivot Joint

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120
Q

Ring turns around the pivot (Central atlanto-axial joint)

A

Trochoid/ Pivot Joint

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121
Q

AKA Gliding/ Plane Joints

A

Arthrosis

Articulatio Plana

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122
Q

2 flat or slightly concave/ convex surfaces

A

Arthrosis
Articulatio Plana
Gliding
Plane

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123
Q

Allow simple gliding motion

A

Articulatio Plana
Arthrosis
Gliding
Plane

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124
Q

Simplest type of synovial joint

A

Gliding
Plane
Arthrosis
Articulatio Plana

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125
Q

ROM limited by the Capsular ligament

A

Gliding
Plane
Arthrosis
Articulatio Plana

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126
Q

Often found in a series like:
Carpal bones
Tarsal bones
Zygapophyseal joints

A

Gliding
Plane
Arthrosis
Articulatio Plana

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127
Q

Each joint allows a _____ ROM and the entire series produces a _______ composite ROM in Arthrosis Joint

A

Limited

Large

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128
Q

AKA Knuckle Joints

A

Condyloid

Ellipsoid

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129
Q

Defined by the shape of the joint surface

A

Condyloid
Ellipsoid
Knuckle Joints

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130
Q

An Oval Convexity in an Oval Concavity

A

Knuckle Joint
Ellipsoid
Condyloid

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131
Q

Allows F/ E along the long axis

A

Condyloid
Ellipsoid
Knuckle Joint

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132
Q

Allows lateral flexion along the short axes

A

Condyloid
Ellipsoid
Knuckle

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133
Q

Rotation would result in disarticulation

A

Condyloid
Ellipsoid
Knuckle

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134
Q

Often paired/ parallel condyles on one bone

A

Condyloid
Ellipsoid
Knuckle

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135
Q

Disallows Lateral Flexion- 1 condyle tracks the other is dislocated

A

Knuckle
Condyloid
Ellipsoid

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136
Q

Double Classification as a Ginglymus and Synovial Joint

A

Knuckle
Condyloid
Ellipsoid

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137
Q

AKA Ball and Socket Joint

A

Enarthrosis

Spheroidea

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138
Q

Modified Condyloid Joint

A

Enarthrosis
Spheroidea
Ball and Socket Joint

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139
Q

Spherical convexity received into an osseo-ligamentous socket

A

Ball and Socket
Enarthrosis
Spheroidea

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140
Q

Most freely movable joint (synovial joint)

A

Ball and Socket
Enarthrosis
Spheroidea

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141
Q

Deep socket gives_______ ________ in hip

A

Increased stability

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142
Q

Shallow socket allows _______ _______ in shoulder

A

Increased ROM

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143
Q

AKA Reciprocal Reception

A

Saddle Joint

Sellar (the horse!)

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144
Q

2 matching concavo-convex surfaces

A

Sellar
Saddle Joint
Reciprocal Reception

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145
Q

Like 2 saddles fit together

A

Sellar
Saddle Joint
Reciprocal Reception

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146
Q

Allow F/ E, Lateral Flexion but NO Rotation

A

Sellar
Saddle Joint
Reciprocal Reception

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147
Q

Carpo (Trapezium)- metacarpal joint of the thumb is…

A

Sellar
Saddle
Reciprocal Reception

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148
Q

Arthrology/ syndesmology of the vertebral column

A

Sellar
Saddle
Reciprocal Reception

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149
Q

Old system has 3 main categories based on….

A

Mobility

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150
Q

New system has 3 main categories based on….

A

Structure

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151
Q

3 Main categories of Old system

A
  1. Synarthrosis
  2. Amphiarthrosis
  3. Diarthrosis
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152
Q

Are synarthrosis movable or immovable?

A

Immovable

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153
Q

All fibrous joints except syndesmosis (old system)

A

Synarthrosis (immovable)

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154
Q

Encompasses Synchrondrosis (old system)

A

Synarthrosis

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155
Q

Slighly movable in the old system

A

Amphiarthrosis

156
Q

Includes Symphysis and Syndesmoisis in old system

A

Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)

157
Q

Freely movable in old system

A

Diarthrosis

158
Q

Includes Synovial in old system

A

Diarthrosis (freely movable)

159
Q

What 23 joints have similar structure and ligaments?

A

C2/C3 - L5/ S1

160
Q

3 Joints for all 23 joints…

A
  1. Cartilaginae Symphysis
  2. Fibrosae Syndesmosis
  3. Synovialis Arthrosis
161
Q

In common joints- Cartilaginous Disc Joints btw the bodies are called….

A

Cartilaginae Symphysis

162
Q

In common joints- the Simple Fibrous joints btw the spinous processes, transverse processes and laminae are called….

A

Fibrosae Syndesmosis

163
Q

In the common joint- Gliding Synovial Joints btw the Zygapophyses are called….

A

Synovialis Arthrosis

164
Q

The joint btw the vertebral bodies is classified as what?

A

Cartilaginous Disc Joint

165
Q

3 Distinct Ligaments of the joint btw the vertebral bodies

A
  1. IVD
  2. Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)
  3. Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL)
166
Q

23 separate and distinct ligaments

A

IVD’s

Intervertebral Discs

167
Q

Found from C2/C3 - L5/ S1

A

IVD’s
ALL- Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
PLL- Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

168
Q

1 Continuous ligament btw vertebral bodies

A

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (Common)

169
Q

Attached at each level btw Vertebral Bodies

A

ALL

170
Q

Unites Anterior Bodies and IVD’s at each level

A

ALL

171
Q

Thin cord from the basion to the C2 Body

A

ALL

172
Q

Wide band from C2 to the S1 Promontory
3/4” wide at C2 (2 cm)
1-3/4” wide at S1 (4 cm)

A

ALL

173
Q

Thinnest in the Cervicals

A

ALL

174
Q

Thickest in the Thoracic Spine

A

ALL

175
Q

Assists the IVD in limiting Extension

A

ALL

176
Q

Unites posterior bodies and IVD’s at each level from C2-S1

A

PLL

177
Q

Forms the Anterior wall of the neural canal

A

PLL

178
Q

Tightly fused to the posterior annulus fibrosus of the IVD

A

PLL

179
Q

Loosely attached to the posterior vertebral bodies

A

PLL

180
Q

Allows emission of the base-vertebral foramina underneath

A

PLL

181
Q

Widely attached across the IVD

A

PLL

182
Q

Narrowly attached btw the pedicles

A

PLL

183
Q

Denser than the ALL

A

PLL

184
Q

Extends upward as the Membrana Tectoria

A

PLL

185
Q

PLL Extends upward to form the what?

A

Membrana Tectoria

186
Q

Joint btw the Spinous Processes

A

Simple Fibrous Joint

187
Q

3 Ligaments btw the Spinous Processes

A
  1. Interspinous
  2. Supraspinous
  3. Nuchal Ligament
188
Q

23 separate ligaments

A

Interspinous

189
Q

Ligament that Unites 1 spinous with the spinous process above

A

Interspinous Ligament

190
Q

Ligament From C2/ C3 to L5/ 1st Sacral Tubercle

A

Interspinous Ligament

191
Q

Ligament that extends from the base to the tip of each Spinous Process

A

Interspinous

192
Q

1 Continuous Ligament from C7 to S1

A

Supraspinous Ligament

193
Q

Ligament is a thick cord uniting the distal tubercles of successive spinouses

A

Supraspinous Ligament

194
Q

Anterior edge of what ligament is fused with the intersprinous ligament?

A

Supraspinous Ligament

195
Q

Ligament that extends upward as the posterior cord of the Nuchal Ligament

A

Supraspinous Ligament

196
Q

AKA Nuchal Ligament

A

Ligamentum Nuchae

197
Q

How many distinct parts on Nuchal Ligament?

A

2 distinct parts

198
Q

Ligament with cord like posterior portion

A

Nuchal Ligament

199
Q

AKA for cord like posterior portion

A

Posterior Cervical Ligament

200
Q

Part of Nuchal ligament that’s somewhat elastic

A

Cord like posterior portion

Posterior Cervical Ligament

201
Q

Part of Nuchal Ligament that directs upward continuation of the supraspinous ligament

A

Posterior Cervical Ligament

Cord like posterior portion

202
Q

Attached from C7 to EOP

A

Nuchal Ligament
Posterior Cervical Ligament
Cord like posterior portion

203
Q

2 distinct parts of Nuchal Ligament

A
  1. Cord like posterior portion

2. Membranous anterior portion

204
Q

Thin delicate membrane part of Nuchal Ligament

A

Membranous Anterior Portion

205
Q

Part of Nuchal Ligament that forms a mid-sagittal septum

A

Membranous Anterior Portion

206
Q

Part of Nuchal Ligament that attaches the posterior cord to the posterior cervical spine

A

Membranous Anterior Portion

207
Q

Where does the Membranous Anterior Portion of the Nuchal Ligament attach?

A

Occipital Crest/ Median Nuchal Line
Posterior tubercle of C1
All Cervical Spinous Processes
Interspinous Ligaments

208
Q

What are the zygopophyseal joints AKA

A

Gliding Synovial Joint

209
Q

What joint has only 1 ligament per joint= articular capsule

A

Zygapopyseal Joint

Gliding Synovial Joint

210
Q

23 Pairs (L/R) from C2/C3 to L5/S1

A

Zygapophyseal Joint

Gliding Synovial Joint

211
Q

What joint is thin and loose to allow free gliding motion?

A

Zygapophyseal Joint

Gliding Synovial Joint

212
Q

Thinnest and loosest joint in the cervicals

A

Zygapophyseal Joints

Gliding Synovial Joint

213
Q

Joint with strong and tough fibrous tissue

A

Zygapophyseal Joint

Gliding Synovial Joint

214
Q

What do the zygapophyseal joints act to limit?

A

ROM

215
Q

Tough fibrous tissue of zygapophyseal joints help it to resist….

A

Dislocation and tearing

216
Q

How are/where are the zygapophyseal joints reinforced?

A

Anteriorly and Posteriorly

217
Q

What kind of joints are btw the laminae?

A

Simple Fibrous Joints

218
Q

Joints btw _________ have only 1 ligament per joint (L/R joints)

A

Btw Laminae

Simple Fibrous Joint

219
Q

23 L/R pairs of yellow ligaments are where?

A

Btw Laminae

Simple Fibrous Joint

220
Q

AKA for joints btw the laminae

A

Ligamenta Flava

221
Q

What type of joint unites one lamina to the lamina above?

A

Simple Fibrous Joint

222
Q

Do the ligaments btw laminae fuse at the midline?

A

No but they do touch (L + R sides)

223
Q

Do the ligaments of the lamina fuse with the interspinous ligament?

A

No, they touch but do not fuse posteriorly to the interspinous ligament

224
Q

What is the most elastic ligament in the body?

A

Yellow Ligament of the Laminae

225
Q

Yellow means/=

A

high % elastin

226
Q

Yellow ligaments have true ______ & ______

A

Stretch and elasticity

227
Q

What do yellow ligaments minimize?

A

Anterior bulging during hyper-extension

228
Q

What kind of joint exists btw the Transverse Processes?

A

Simple Fibrous Joints

229
Q

Btw the Transverse Processes there are 22 distinct pairs of L/R ______ _______

A

Intertransverse Ligaments

230
Q

What approximately attaches from one transverse to the transverse above

A

Interstransverse Ligaments

231
Q

Where are the intertransverse ligaments found?

A

C2/C3 - L4/L5

232
Q

In what region are the intertransverse ligaments distinct?

A

Lumbar

233
Q

In the lumbar region this ligament is attached to the intertransversarii muscle fascia

A

Intertransverse Ligament

234
Q

There are 9 common ligaments of the spine. What are the 3 categories

A
  1. Unite the vertebral bodies
  2. Unite the Spinous Processes
  3. Unite the Vertebral Arches
235
Q

The ALL, PLL and IVD’s unite what?

A

Vertebral Bodies

236
Q

The vertebral bodies are united via what three ligaments?

A
  1. Anterior Longitudinal (common) Ligament- Basion to S1
  2. Posterior Longitudinal (common) Ligament- C2-S1
  3. IVD’s- 23 separate ligaments from C2/C3-L5/S1
237
Q

The interspinous, supraspinous and nuchal ligaments unite what?

A

Spinous Processes

238
Q

The Capsules, Yellow ligaments and Intertransverse ligaments unite what?

A

Vertebral Arches

239
Q

What are the 9 common ligaments of the spine?

A
  1. ALL
  2. PLL
  3. IVD
  4. Interspinous
  5. Supraspinous
  6. Nuchal
  7. Capsule
  8. Yellow
  9. Intertransverse
240
Q

What kind of joint is the AO joint?

A

Synovial Condyloid Hinge Joint

- there is some controversy over this classification

241
Q

The AO joint may vary from person to person from being a ______ ____ to a ______ & ______

A

Condyloid Hinge to a ball & socket

242
Q

What are the 4 distinct ligaments of the AO joint?

A
  1. Articular Capsules (L/R)
  2. Anterior AO Membrane
  3. Posterior AO Membrane
  4. Lateral AO Ligaments (L/R)
243
Q

What AO ligament unites condyles to the C1 lateral masses?

A

Articular Capsule

244
Q

What AO ligament is relatively tight and allows very slight ROM?

A

Articular Capsules

245
Q

Which AO ligament is attached marginally just below the joint surfaces?

A

Articular Capsules

246
Q

Which AO ligament Unites Anterior Arch to the Basion Directly Above?

A

Anterior AO Membrane

247
Q

Which 2 AO ligaments are thin vertical membranous ligament?

A

Anterior AO Membrane

Posterior AO Membrane

248
Q

Which 2 AO Ligaments extend laterally to fuse with the capsules?

A

Anterior AO Membrane

Posterior AO Membrane

249
Q

Which AO ligament is Homologous to ALL and Anterior Atlantoaxial membrane?

A

Anterior AO Membrane

250
Q

The Anterior AO Membrane is Homologous to what?

A

ALL

Anterior AA Membrane

251
Q

Which 2 ligaments have a thin cord of the ALL attached to the anterior midline?

A

Anterior AO Membrane

Anterior AA Membrane

252
Q

Which AO Ligament unites the Posterior Arch to the Squamous Occiput directly above?

A

Posterior AO Membrane

253
Q

Which AO Ligament is Homologous to the yellow ligaments?

A

Posterior AO Membrane

254
Q

The Posterior AO Membrane is Homologous to what?

A

Yellow LIgaments

255
Q

Which AO Ligaments inferior margin arches over the superior neural groove?

A

Posterior AO Membrane

256
Q

This AO ligament forms 1st IVF

A

Posterior AO Membrane

257
Q

AKA Arcuate Foramina

A

First IVF

Formed by Posterior AO Membrane

258
Q

Which AO Ligament allows for the passage of the vertebral arteries in and C1 Spinal nerve out?

A

Posterior AO Membrane

259
Q

This AO Ligament is sometimes calcified

A

Posterior AO Membrane
Partial about 18% present
Complete about 3% present

260
Q

If the Posterior AO Membrane is calcified what is it called?

A

Posticus Ponticus

261
Q

Which xray is a Posticus Ponticus visible on?

A

Ossificaiton of the Posterior AO Membrane

Visible on Lateral Cervical X-Ray

262
Q

The AO ligament defines the Arcuate foramen when 18% present

A

Posterior AO Membrane

263
Q

AKA Lateral AO Ligaments

A

Anterior Oblique Ligaments

L/R

264
Q

This AO Ligament unites the proximal anterior Transverses to jugular processes above

A

Lateral AO ligament

Anterior Oblique Ligament

265
Q

Which AO Ligament is fused with the capsules medially?

A

Lateral AO ligament

Anterior Oblique Ligament

266
Q

This AO Ligament is homologous to the intertransverse ligament

A

Lateral AO Ligament

Anterior Oblique Ligament

267
Q

The Anterior Oblique Ligament is Homologous to

A

Intertransverse Ligament

268
Q

What kind of joint is the AA joint?

A

Gliding/ Pivot Synovial Joint

269
Q

What are the 2 distinct articulations of the AA joint

A
  1. Central AA joint

2. 2 Lateral AA joints

270
Q

The joint btw the anterior arch and the dens is called what?

A

Central AA joint

271
Q

The joint btw the C1 IAS’s and the C2 SAS’s are what?

A

2 Lateral AA Joints

272
Q

What kind of joint is the Central AA joint?

A

Pivot type synovial

273
Q

What is an osseoligamentous ring moving around a central bony pivot?

A

Central AA joint (pivot type synovial joint)

274
Q

What kind of joint are the 2 lateral AA joints?

A

Gliding type synovial joints

275
Q

Which of the AA joints is very freely movable in rotation?

A

2 lateral AA joints

276
Q

What are the 6 distinct ligaments of the AA joint?

A
  1. Transverse ligament of the atlas
  2. Anterior Articular capsule
  3. Lateral Articular Capsules (L/R)
  4. Anterior AA Membrane
  5. Posterior AA Membrane
  6. Accessory Ligaments (L/R)
277
Q

Which AA ligament is a thick strong cord?

A

Transverse Ligament of the atlas

278
Q

Which AA ligament is attached btw the L/R medial atlantal tubercles

A

Transverse Ligament of the Atlas

279
Q

Which ligament presses against the neck of the dens and produces the posterior groove?

A

Transverse Ligament of the Atlas

280
Q

Which ligament causes the dens to be pressed against the fovea dentalis?

A

Transverse Ligament of the Atlas

281
Q

What is the main ligament of the central AA joint?

A

Transverse Ligament of the Atlas

282
Q

Which ligament often has a synovial bursa btw it and the dens?

A

Transverse Ligament of the Atlas

283
Q

What is a self contained synovial packet?

A

Synovial Bursa

284
Q

What is lined with synovial membrane?

A

Synovial Bursa

285
Q

What is loosely wedged in place?

A

Synovial Bursa

286
Q

Bursa=

A

purse
general lubricating structure
outer layers= ligament

287
Q

Which AA ligament is a very loose and delicate capsule?

A

Anterior articular capsule

288
Q

This AA ligament unites the anterior articular facet of the dens with the fovea dentalis

A

Anterior Articular capsule

289
Q

What is the anterior articular capsule attached to

A

Joint margins

290
Q

Which AA ligament DOES NOT limit ROM but is only used for lubrication?

A

Anterior Articular Capsule

291
Q

What is the capsule of the central AA joint?

A

Anterior Articular Capsule

292
Q

Which AA ligaments are strong but very loose?

A

Lateral Articular Capsules (L/R)

293
Q

What ligaments unites C1 IAS with the C2 SAS on each side?

A

Lateral Articular Capsules

294
Q

What are the lateral articular capsules attached to?

A

joint margins

295
Q

What are the main ligaments of the L/R Lateral Joints?

A

Lateral Articular Capsules (L/R)

296
Q

Which AA ligament is a thin vertical membranous ligament

A

Anterior AA membrane

297
Q

What unites the anterior surface of C2 to the anterior arch directly above

A

Anterior AA membrane

298
Q

What is the Anterior AA membrane homologous to?

A

ALL

Anterior AO Membrane

299
Q

Homologous to the ALL and Anterior AO Membrane

A

Anterior AA membrane

300
Q

Which AA ligament extends laterally to fuse with L/R capsules?

A

Anterior AA Membrane

301
Q

Unites the C2 laminae to the posterior arch directly above

A

Posterior AA Membrane

302
Q

Extends anterolaterally to the inferior neural notch (AA joint)

A

Posterior AA membrane

303
Q

The anterior margins of the ligament are the posterior margins of the 2nd IVF’s

A

Posterior AA membrane

304
Q

Homologous to the Yellow ligaments and Posterior AO membrane

A

Posterior AA membrane

305
Q

Posterior AA membrane is homologous to

A

Yellow Ligament

Posterior AO membrane

306
Q

Unite the posterior base of the dens to the medial atlantal tubercles

A

Accessory ligaments (L/R)

307
Q

What ligament helps limit C1 contralateral rotation?

A

Accessory ligaments

308
Q

Which AA ligaments are strong short bands of ligament?

A

Accessory ligaments

309
Q

The classification of this joint:
Varies with age
Cartilaginous disc joints until about 20 yrs.
Simple fibrous joint from 20 to ossification
Fusion= 30/40 males, 40/50 females

A

Intercoccygeal joints

310
Q

3 Distinct ligaments of the intercoccygeal joints?

A
  1. Intervertebral fibrocartilages (IVFCs)
  2. Anterior intercoccygeal ligament
  3. Posterior Intercoccygeal ligament
311
Q

This Coccygeal ligament attaches each segment to the one below

A

Intervertebral fibrocartilages (IVFCs)

312
Q

Very rudimentary IVD

Less well- organized

A

Intervertebral fibrocartilages (IVFCs)

313
Q

This ligament usually calcifies

A 
Intervertebral Fibrocartilages (IVFCs)
Cx1/Cx2 may not calcify
314
Q

What is the downward continuation of the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament?

A

Anterior intercoccygeal ligament

315
Q

What fuses with the IVFC’s at each level?

A

Anterior Intercoccygeal ligament

316
Q

What is homologous to the ALL in the coccyx?

A

Anterior Intercoccygeal ligament

317
Q

What fuses with the IVFCs at each level?

A

Posterior Intercoccygeal ligament

318
Q

Inferior continuation of teh superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

A

Posterior intercoccygeal ligament

319
Q

How many distinct ligaments does the sacrococcygeal articulation have?

A

6

320
Q

What is the classification of the sacrococcygeal articulation?

A

Cartilaginous Disc Joint

321
Q

What unites the sacral apex to the coccygeal base?

A

IVFC

322
Q

Less well organized (rudimentary) IVD

A

IVFC of sacrococcygeal articulation

323
Q

Calcifies in sacrococcygeal fusion

A

IVFC

324
Q

Unites the anterior surface of S5 to the anterior surface of Cx1

A

Anterior Sacrococcygeal ligament

325
Q

Indirect downward continuation of the ALL

A

Anterior Sacrococcygeal ligament

326
Q

Rudimentary S1-S5 ALL

A

Anterior Sacrococcygeal ligament

327
Q

Degenerates with sacral fusion into longitudinal periosteal fibers

A

Anterior Sacrococcygeal ligament

328
Q

Continues downward as the anterior intercoccygeal ligament

A

Anterior Sacrococcygeal ligament

329
Q

Unite the lateral inferior angles to Cx 1 rudimentary transverses

A

Lateral Sacrococcygeal ligaments (L/R)

330
Q

Form the 30th IVF’s (false), pass ventral rami of the S5 spinal nerves

A

Lateral Sacrococcygeal ligaments

331
Q

Homologous to the intertransverse ligaments

A

Lateral Sacrococcygeal ligaments

332
Q

Lateral Sacrococcygeal ligaments are homologous to

A

Intertransverse ligaments

333
Q

Attach the sacrum cornu to the coccygeal cornu directly below

A

Intercornual/ interarticular ligaments (L/R)

334
Q

Short fibrous bands of ligament in the sacrococcygeal articulation

A

Intercornual/interarticular ligaments

335
Q

Homologous to the articular capsules

A

Intercornual/interarticular ligaments

336
Q

Intercornual/interarticular ligaments are homologous to

A

Articular capsules

337
Q

rudimentary pre/post zygapophyses

A

cornua

338
Q

Arises form the posterior surface of S5

A

Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

339
Q

Attaches to the back margin of the coccygeal base

A

Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

340
Q

Indirect downward continuation of the PLL

A

Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

341
Q

Rudimentary S1-S5 PLL

A

Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

342
Q

Degenerates with sacral fusion, becomes longitudinal periosteal fibers

A

Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

343
Q

Doesn’t continue down the posterior coccyx

A

Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

344
Q

Arises off the posterior surface of the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

A

Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

345
Q

Attaches to the posterior surface of Cx1

A

Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

346
Q

Continues downward as the posterior intercoccygeal ligament

A

Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

347
Q

3 joints of lumbosacral articulation

A
  1. Fibrosae Syndesmosis
  2. Cartilaginae Symphysis
  3. Synovialis Arthrosis
348
Q

Lumbosacral has how many of the common ligaments?

A

7 of the 9

349
Q

What are the common ligaments of the lumbosacral articulation?

A
  1. ALL
  2. PLL
  3. IVD
  4. Interspinous
  5. Supraspinous
  6. Articular Capsules
  7. Yellow
350
Q

What are the 2 unique specialized ligaments of the lumbosacral articulation?

A
  1. Iliolumbar ligaments (L/R)

2. Lumbosacral Ligaments (L/R)

351
Q

Unite the distal L5 transverses to the iliac crests and sacral tuberosities

A

Iliolumbar Ligaments

352
Q

May be a superior band up to the L4 Distal transverse process

A

Iliolumbar ligaments

353
Q

Over developed intertransverse ligaments

A

Iliolumbar ligaments

354
Q

Increase lumbosacral stability

A

Iliolumbar ligaments

355
Q

Unite the proximal L5 transverses to the sacral base

A

Lumbosacral ligaments (L/R)

356
Q

Less distinct that the iliolumbar ligaments

A

Lumbosacral ligaments

357
Q

Increase lumbosacral stability

A

Lumbosacral ligaments

358
Q

Which articulation does not have a classification?

A

OA complex (occipital axial)

359
Q

Occurs btw the Occiput and C2 Dens

A

OA Complex (occipital axial)

360
Q

What are the 4 distinct ligaments of the Occipital Axial Complex?

A
  1. Apical/Suspensory Ligament
  2. Alar/Check/Odontoid (L/R)
  3. Cruciate/ Cruciform
  4. Inferior Crux
361
Q

Covering membrane of the OA complex

A

Membrana Tectoria

362
Q

AKA Membrana Tectoria

A

Occipito Axial Membrane

363
Q

Posterior C2 body to the internal Basion

A

Membrana tectoria

364
Q

Broad membranous ligament covering the cruciate ligament

A

Membrana Tectoria

OA membrane

365
Q

Direct upward continuation of the PLL

A

Membrane Tectoria

OA Membrane

366
Q

May be a synovial bursa btw it and the cruciate ligament

A

Membrana Tectoria

OA Membrane

367
Q

Isolates the brainstem from the C1/C2 joint

A

Membrana Tectoria

OA Membrane

368
Q

Unties the apex of the dens to the basion directly above

A

Apical/ Suspensory Ligament

369
Q

OA complex short thick cord of ligament

A

Apical/ Suspensory Ligament

370
Q

Pulpy center (notochord remnant)

A

Apical/ Suspensory Ligament

371
Q

Deepest OA ligament

A

Apical/ Suspensory Ligament

372
Q

Lateral Apex of the dens to the L/R condylar tubercles

A

Alar/ Check/ Odontoid Ligaments (L/R)

373
Q

AO Complex thick strong bands of ligament

A

Alar/ Check/ Odontoid Ligaments (L/R)

374
Q

Help to limit rotation

A

Alar/ Check/ Odontoid Ligaments (L/R)

375
Q

Homologous to and parallel to the L/R Accessory Ligaments

A

Alar/ Check/ Odontoid Ligaments (L/R)

376
Q

Wings of dens=

A

Ala/ Alae

377
Q

Unites occiput, atlas and axis

A

Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament

378
Q

3 components of Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament

A
  1. horizontal= transverse ligament
  2. superior crux (superior longitudinal band)
  3. inferior crux (inferior longitudinal band)
379
Q

Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament horizontal component=

A

transverse ligament

380
Q

Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament: from mid-transverse ligament to the basion above

A

Superior Crux

381
Q

Component of the Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament that presses against the posterior dens

A

Superior Crux

382
Q

Component of the Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament that prevents the transverse ligament from slipping downward

A

Superior Crux

383
Q

Component of the Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament from the mid-transverse ligament to the C2 body below

A

Inferior Crux

384
Q

Component of Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament that prevents the transverse ligament from slipping upward

A

Inferior Crux

385
Q

Component of the Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament that is very important during head flexion

A

Inferior Crux

386
Q

Component of the Cruciate/ Cruciform Ligament that is superficial to the aprical and alar ligaments

A

Inferior Crux

Quarter 2 (7 decks)

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