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Quarter 2 > Abnormal Psychology Test 1 > Flashcards

Abnormal Psychology Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Abnormal Psychology?

A

Branch of Psychology that deals with unusual patterns of behavior, emotions and thought

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2
Q

What is Clinical Psychology?

A

Seeks to assess, understand and treat psychological condtions

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3
Q

Axis I

A

Clinical Disorders that focus on Clinical Attention

EXCLUDING MENTAL RETARDATION

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4
Q

Axis II

A

Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation

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5
Q

Axis III

A

General Medical Conditions

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6
Q

Axis IV

A

These are Psychosocial and Environmental Problems

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7
Q

Axis V

A

Global Assessment of Functioning

Report of overall functioning using the GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning)

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8
Q

Define Mental Retardation

A

This is significant sub-average intellectual functioning (IQ of 70 or below) with the onset before 18 years of age

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9
Q

Define Learning Disorders

A

Academic functioning that is substantially below that expected given person’s age.

Includes: Reading disorders, Mathematics disorder, Disorder of written expression, and learning disorder not otherwise specified

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10
Q

Define Motor Skills Disorder

A

Development coordination disorder, which is characterized by motor coordination

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11
Q

Define Communication Disorder

A

Difficulties in speech or language
Include: expressive language disorder, mixed receptive expressive language disorder, phonological disorder and stuttering

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12
Q

Define Pervasive Developmental Disorders

A

Impairment in reciprocal social interaction, impairment in communication and the presence of stereotyped behavior

Include: autistic disorder, rett’s disorder, asperger’s disorder

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13
Q

Define Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorder

A

Inattention and or hyperactivity-impulsivity

Also includes: Disruptive behavior disorders: conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder

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14
Q

Define Feeding and Eating Disorders of Infancy or Early Childhood`

A

Persistent disturbances in feeding and eating.

Includes: Pica, Rumination Disorder, Feeding Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood

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15
Q

Define Tic Disorders

A

Characterized by vocal and or motor tics

Include: Tourette’s, Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder and Transiet Tic Disorder

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16
Q

Define Elimination Disorders

A

Includes Encopresis (feces in inappropriate places) and Enuresis (urinating in inappropriate places)

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17
Q

What are the Other Disorders of Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence?

A
  1. Separation Anxiety Disorder
  2. Selective Mutism
  3. Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood
  4. Stereotypic Movement Disorder
  5. Disorders of Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence Not otherwise Specified
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18
Q

Mental Retardation

A

Axis II
Sub-average intellectual functioning
Limitations in the following areas: communication, self-care, home living, social/interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self direction, functional academic skills, work, leisure, health and safety

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19
Q

Mild Mental Retardation

A

IQ 50/55-70
Educable
Most people fall here 85%

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20
Q

Moderate Mental Retardation

A

IQ 35/40-50/55
Trainable
Don’t benefit from educational programs
10%

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21
Q

Severe Mental Retardation

A

IQ 20/25-35/40
Survival words
3-4%

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22
Q

Profound Mental Retardation

A

IQ below 20/25

Neurological impairment present 1-2%

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23
Q

Predisposing Factors of Mental Retardation

A

Primarily biological or psychosocial

6 factors

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24
Q

Predisposing Factors of Mental Retardation

Heredity

A

Inborn errors of metabolism
Single gene abnormality
Chromosomal aberrations
Advances in genetics will likely increase the identification of heritable forms of mental retardation

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25
Q

Predisposing Factors of Mental Retardation

Early Alteration of Embryonic Development

A

Chromosomal changes

Prenatal damage due to toxins

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26
Q

Predisposing Factors of Mental Retardation

Environmental Influences

A

Deprivation of nurturance, social, linguistic and other stimulation

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27
Q

Predisposing Factors of Mental Retardation

Mental Disorders

A

Includes:
Autistic Disorder
Pervasive Developmental Disorders

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28
Q

Predisposing Factors of Mental Retardation

Pregnancy and Perinatal Problems

A 
Fetal Malnutrition
Prematurity
Hypoxia
Viral and other infections
Trauma
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29
Q

Predisposing Factors of Mental Retardation

General Medical Conditions Acquired in Infancy or Childhood

A

Traumas
Infections
Poisoning

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30
Q

Learning Disorders

A

Formerly known as Academic Skills Disorder
Individuals achievement is substantially below that for age, schooling or level of intelligence

Demoralization
Low Self-Esteem

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31
Q

Reading Disorder

A 
AKA Dyslexia
Reading accuracy, speed or comprehension
Oral Reading characterized by: 
Distortions
Substitutions
Omissions
Slowness
Errors in Comprehension

60-80% males

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32
Q

Mathematical Disorder

A

Obviously… Difficulty recognizing numerical symbols or arithmetic signs

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33
Q

Disorder of Written Expression

A

Poor writing Skills

Poor handwriting

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34
Q

Developmental Coordination Disorder

A

Poor Motor Coordination

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35
Q

Expressive Language Disorder

A

Recognized by age 3
Due to brain lesions, head trauma, stroke
Onset is sudden

Includes:
Limited amount of speech
Limited vocabulary
Difficulty acquiring new words

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36
Q

Mixed Receptive- Expressive Language Disorder

A

Impairment in both receptive and expressive language development
Limited vocabulary
Detected by age 4
Occurs after period of normal development- result of neurological or medical condition

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37
Q

Phonological Disorder

A

Formerly Developmental Articulation Disorder
Failure to use speech sounds
Errors in sound production
Substitution of one sound for another

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38
Q

Stuttering

A 
Disturbance of normal fluency and time patterning of speech
Eye blinking
Tics
Tremors of lip/face
Jerking of head
Breathing moments or fist clenching
39
Q

What are the Characteristics of Pervasive Developmental Disorder

A

Children will have impaired social, communication and stereotype behavior

40
Q

Autistic Disorder

A

Impaired Development in social interaction and communication
Repertoire
Delay in developing spoken language

41
Q

Diagnostic Features of Autistic Disorder

A

Abnormalities in Forebrain, limbic structures and cerebellar circuits and growth patterns of the brain

Alteration in brain size is the most consistent replicated finding
Typically have small heads at birth followed by excessive increase in head size between 1-2 mo and 6-24 mo

42
Q

Treatment of Autistic Disorder

A

SRI’s
Atypical Antipsychotic
Anticonvulsants
Natural Products and Dietary Restrictions

Secretin and Dimethylglycine have failed to demonstrate any benefit in this population

43
Q

Rett’s Disorder

A

Only diagnosed in Females
Between 5-48 months head growth decelerates
Loss of previously acquired skills
Replaced with stereotype hand movements

Expressive and receptive language with psychomotor retardation

44
Q

Childhood Disintegrative Disorder

A

Loss of previously acquired skills in the first 2 years of birth

45
Q

Asperger’s Disorder

A

Occurs more frequently in Males
Impairment in use of nonverbal behaviors: eye to eye gaze, facial expression, body postures, gestures

NO delay in language and cognitive development or age appropriate skills- distinguished from autism

46
Q

ADHD

A 
Persistent inattention or impulsivity
Fail to give close attention to details
Make careless mistakes
Work is messy
Impatience 
Blurt out answers
Difficulty awaiting ones turn
Interrupting
Intruding
47
Q

Conduct Disorder

A

Rights of others or age-appropriate norms/rules are violated

48
Q

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A

Negative
Defiant
Hostile Behavior toward authority figures

49
Q

Pica

A

Eating of one or more nonnutritive substances

50
Q

Rumination Disorder

A

Repeated regurgitation and chewing of food occurring after feeding
Lasts at least 1 month

51
Q

Feeding Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood

A

Persistent failure to eat adequately

52
Q

Tic Disorders

A

Sudden, rapid, recurrent, non-rhythmic, stereotyped motor movement or vocalization
2 Groups:
1. Simple Vocal Tic
2. Complex Vocal Tic: sudden, spontaneous expression of single words/phrases; speech blocking; sudden and meaningless changes in pitch/emphasis; palilalia (repeating one’s own sounds or words) and echolalia (repeating last word heard)

53
Q

Treatment of Tics

A 
Alpha-Adrenergic Drugs- reduce norepinephrine turnover
Neuroleptic drugs
Keep stress levels low
Psychotherapy
TMS: sill experimental
54
Q

What are the 4 disorders included under Tic Disorders?

A
  1. Tourette’s Disorder
  2. Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder
  3. Transient Tic Disorder
  4. Tic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified
55
Q

Tourette’s Disorder

A

Multiple tics
More vocal tics
Obsessions and Compulsions

56
Q

Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder

A

Either motor or vocal NOT BOTH

57
Q

Transient Tic Disorder

A

Single or multiple motor and/or vocal tics

58
Q

Tic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified

A

Doesn’t meet criteria for a specific tic

59
Q

What are the 2 Elimination Disorders?

A
  1. Encopresis

2. Enuresis

60
Q

Encopresis

A

Passage of feces into inappropriate places

Usually involuntary

61
Q

Enuresis

A

Voiding of urine during the day or night

Involuntary

62
Q

Separation Anxiety Disorder

A

Excessive anxiety concerning separation from home or those attached to

63
Q

Selective Mutism

A

Formerly Elective Mutism
Persistent failure to speak in specific social situations where speaking is expected, despite speaking in other situations

64
Q

What are the 10 Anxiety Disorders

A
  1. Panic Attack
  2. Agoraphobia
  3. Specific Phobia
  4. Social Phobia
  5. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
  6. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
  7. Acute Stress Disorder
  8. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
  9. Anxiety Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition
  10. Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder
65
Q

Panic Attack

A

Sudden onset of intense apprehension, fearfulness or terror
Discrete period of intense fear or discomfort
Symptoms developed abruptly and reached a peak within 10 minutes

66
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Anxiety about, avoidance of, places or situations from which escape might be difficult
Presence of companion

67
Q

Specific Phobia

A

Provoked by exposure to a specific feared object or situation
AKA Simple Phobia
Persistent fear of clearly discernible, circumscribed objects or situations (Criterion A)

Ratio of 2:1 for Women to men
First symptoms occur in childhood/ early adolescence
Predisposing factors: Traumatic event, unexpected panic attacks, observation of others going through trauma, informational transmission (repeated threatening warnings)

68
Q

Social Phobia- Diagnostic Features

A

Exposure to certain types of social or performance situations
Marked and Persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to possible scrutiny by others
Interferes significantly with persons normal routine, occupational functioning, or social activities or relationships, or remarked distress

If fears include most social situations (dating, conversation) = GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER

69
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A

Obsessions or Compulsions

70
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

A

Experiencing an extremely traumatic event
Increased Arousal
Avoidance of Stimuli

71
Q

Acute Stress Disorder

A

Occurs immediately in the aftermath of an extremely traumatic even

72
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Persistent and excessive anxiety/worry

At least 6 months

73
Q

Anxiety Disorder due to a General Medical Condition

A

Direct Physiological consequences of a general medical condition

74
Q

Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder

A

Direct physiological consequence of an abused drug, medication or toxin exposure

75
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Presence of recurrent, unexpected panic attacks followed by at least 1 month of persistent concern
Not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or general medical condition
Constant feelings of anxiety not focused on specific situation or event
No Lab findings
10-30% have Vestibular/Respiratory problems
60% Neurological and cardiology clinics
Strong genetic distribution

76
Q

5 Subtypes of Specific Phobia

A
  1. Animal Type
  2. Natural Environment Type
  3. Blood Injection Type: Vasovagal Reaction- Bradycardia
  4. Situational Type
  5. Other Type
77
Q

Descriptive Features/ Assoc. Mental disorders of Social Phobia

A

Hypersensitivity to criticism, negative evaluation, or rejection; difficulty being assertive; low self esteem or feelings of inferiority

78
Q

Differential Diagnosis of Social Phobia

A

Potential evaluation by others is the key to the anxiety

79
Q

Obsessions are defined by:

A

Recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced, at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and inappropriate and that cause marked anxiety or distress

Recognized that reaction is product of their own mind

80
Q

Compulsions are defined by:

A

Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, or according to rules that must be applied rigidly

Hand washing
Counting

81
Q

Prevalence of OCD

A

Equal evidence in males and females
Onset typically adolescence can be childhood
Males 6-15 yo
Females 20-29 yo

82
Q

3 Treatments of OCD

A
  1. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS): 2 electrodes, generator in L chest wall
  2. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): 4 electrodes, generators in subclavicular region
  3. Transcrainal Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): No implant/surgery
83
Q

4 Diagnostic Criteria of PTSD

A
  1. Exposure to a traumatic event- life threatening or serious injury to self or other, response involved intense fear, helplessness and horror
  2. Traumatic event was persistently re-experienced
  3. Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and numbing of general responsiveness
  4. Persistent symptoms of increased arousal
84
Q

3 Types of PTSD

A
  1. Acute
  2. Chronic
  3. Delayed Onset
85
Q

Acute PTSD

A

Duration of symptoms is less than 3 months

86
Q

Chronic PTSD

A

Duration of symptoms is 3 months or more

87
Q

Delayed Onset PTSD

A

Onset of symptoms is at least 6 months after the stressor

88
Q

Associated Descriptive features and Mental disorders of PTSD

A 
Painful Guilt
Avoidance
Hallucinations
Self destruction
Increased rates of Major Depressive Disorder
89
Q

3 Diagnostic Features of Acute Stress Disorder

A
  1. Exposure to a traumatic event
  2. While experiencing or after experiencing the distressing event, the individual has 3+ of the dissociative symptoms
  3. Traumatic event is persistently re-experienced in at least one of the following ways
90
Q

What differentiates Acute Stress Disorder from PTSD?

A
  1. Intensity

2. Duration: Acute- 2 day minimum and 4 week maximum

91
Q

Associated descriptive features and mental disorders of Acute Stress Disorder

A

Despair and Hopelessness

Guilt

92
Q

Prevalence of Acute Stress Disorder

A

When symptoms persist beyond 1 month a diagnosis of PTSD may be appropriate

93
Q

Diagnostic Features of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Excessive Anxiety and worry, occurring more days than not for at least 6 months about a number of activities

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