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Anat II Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What bone separates the two orbits?

A

Ethmoid Bone

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2
Q

What forms the medial walls of each orbit?

A

Sides of Ethmoid Bone

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3
Q

What angle are the lateral walls at?

A

90

Right Angle

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4
Q

The Axes of the orbits diverge at what degree?

A

45

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5
Q

What axes are for sight?

A

Optical Axes

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6
Q

Are the Optical Axes parallel or perpendicular?

A

Parallel

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7
Q

What are the functions of the orbits?

A

Contain- eyeball and accessory organs

Guard- protect eyeball

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8
Q

What are the 6 accessory structures of the orbit?

A
  1. Eyelid
  2. Extraocular M
  3. Nerves and Vessels
  4. Orbital Fascia
  5. Mucous Membrane
  6. Orbit Fat
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9
Q

Number or walls, bases and apex of Orbit?

A

4 Walls
1 Base
1 Apex

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10
Q

What is the base of the Orbit?

A

Orbit Margin is the outline of the base

The margin is strong because of its thickness

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11
Q

What is the Superior Wall of the Orbit?

A

Formed by the Orbital Part of the Frontal Bone and Lesser Wing of Sphenoid Bone

Separates the orbit from the anterior cranial fossa

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12
Q

What is the Fossa for the Lacrimal gland? Where is it located in relation to the Superior wall of the orbit?

A

It is a shallow impression

Located anterolaterally to the Superior Wall of the Orbit

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13
Q

What is the Medial Wall of the Orbit?

A

Formed by the Frontal, Lacrimal, Ethmoid, and Sphenoid bones (from front to back)

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14
Q

What structures are on or next to the Medial Wall?

A

Ethmoid Sinuses are next to this wall

The Lacrimal Groove, Fossa and sac are on this wall

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15
Q

What is the Inferior Wall of the Orbit?

A

Formed by the Maxilla, Zygomatic and Palatine Bones

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16
Q

What divides the Inferior Wall from the Lateral Wall of the Orbit?

A

Inferior Orbital Fissure

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17
Q

What is the Lateral Wall of the Orbit?

A

Formed by the Frontal Process of the Zygomatic Bone and Greater WIng of the Sphenoid Bone

This wall is easily injured

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18
Q

What is the Apex of the Orbit?

A

At the Optic Canal on the lesser wing of the Sphenoid Bone

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19
Q

What is the function of the eyelid?

A

Protect eyeballs from irritating strong light and dust with help from the lacrimal fluid

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20
Q

What is the function of Extraocular Muscle?

A

Move eyeballs and eyelids

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21
Q

What is the function of Nerves and Vessels of the orbit?

A

To supply nutrition

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22
Q

What is the function of the Orbital Fascia?

A

Protect eyeballs and muscles

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23
Q

What is the funciton of the Mucous Membrane?

A

Lubricate the eyeballs

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24
Q

What is the function of Orbit Fat?

A

Matrix for eyeballs

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25
Q

What covers the eyelids on the inside?

A

Palpebral Conjunctiva

Superior and Inferior parts

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26
Q

What is the Bulbar Conjunctiva?

A

It covers the surface of the eyeball

Continuous with the palpebral conjunctiva

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27
Q

What is the Palpebral Fissure?

A

Opening of the eye

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28
Q

What is the superior and inferior fornics?

A

Space formed when pulling eyelid up or down
If eyes are closed this space is called CONJUNCTIVA SAC
(page 31 no set definition)

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29
Q

What are the soft bones of the eye?

A

Superior and Inferior Tarsi

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30
Q

What is the Tarsal Gland? Where is it?

A

Provides the lipid secretion to eye for lubrication

Located in the Tarsi

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31
Q

What kind of glands are located at the root of the eye lashes?

A

Sebaceous Glands

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32
Q

What is a Chalazia?

A

When the sebaceous glands are clogged due to infection and become swollen
(Stye)

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33
Q

The conjunction of the superior and inferior eyelids is called?

A

Medial and Lateral Palpebral Commissures

AKA Canthi

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34
Q

What ligament connects the Tarsi to the bone of the orbit?

A

Medial Palpebral Ligament

Lateral Palpebral Ligament (not as strong b/c other tissues help)

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35
Q

What aids the Lateral Palpebral Ligament in holding the eye/eyelid in orbit?

A

Orbital Septum

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36
Q

What 5 things does the Lacrimal Apparatus Include?

A
  1. Lacrimal Gland
  2. Lacrimal Duct
  3. Lacrimal Canaliculi
  4. Lacrimal Sac
  5. Nasolacrimal Duct
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37
Q

What is the function of the Lacrimal Gland?

A

Secretes Lacrimal Fluid

Fluid is bacteriocidal and nutrient/oxygen rich

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38
Q

What nerve supports the Lacrimal Gland?

A

Lacrimal Nerve- Ophthalmic N (V1)

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39
Q

What kind of Nerve or Nerves are in the Lacrimal Nerve?

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

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40
Q

In the Lacrimal Nerve, where do the Presynaptic Parasympathetic Fibers originate?

A

Facial Nerve

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41
Q

What Ganglion do the Presynaptic Parasympathetic Fibers of the Lacrimal Nerve synapse in?

A

Pterygopalatine Ganglion

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42
Q

What kind of Fibers are sent out of the Pterygopalatine Ganglion that make the Lacrimal Gland secrete less fluid?

A

Postsynaptic Parasympathetic Fibers

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43
Q

What is the Path of the Sympathetic fiber that makes the Lacrimal Gland secrete more fluid?

A

Presynaptic Sympathetic Fibers go to the Superior Cervical Ganglion then to the Pterygopalatine Ganglion and into the Zygomatic Nerve

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44
Q

What nerve do the Sympathetic Fibers of the Lacrimal Gland travel in?

A

Zygomatic Nerve

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45
Q

What are Lacrimal Ducts?

A

Several small ducts from the Lacrimal Gland

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46
Q

What part of the Lacrimal Apparatus collects tears from the Lacrimal Lake?

A

Lacrimal Punctum
Lacrimal Papilla
(tear holes on eyelids)

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47
Q

What transports the tears from the Lacrimal Lake to the Lacrimal Sac?

A

Lacrimal Canaliculi

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48
Q

What does the Nasolacrimal Duct do?

A

Leads the tears to the nose so they can be swallowed

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49
Q

What occupies most of the anterior part of the orbit?

A

The eyeball

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50
Q

What part of the eye is filled with all supporting material for the eyeball?

A

Posterior part of the Orbit

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51
Q

What is the Loose CT (connective tissue) that surrounds the eyeball?

A

Fascial Sheath (outermost layer around eyeball)

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52
Q

What is the posterior part of the Fascial Sheath called?

A

Bulbar Fascia

AKA Tenon’s Fascia

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53
Q

What does the Bulbar or Tenon’s Fascia do?

A

Forms the socket for the eyeball

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54
Q

What are the three layers of the eyeball?

A
  1. Outer- Fibrous Layer
  2. Middle- Vascular Layer
  3. Inner
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55
Q

What 2 parts make up the Outer Fibrous Layer of the Eyeball?

A

Sclera and Cornea

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56
Q

What is the name of the Middle Vascular Layer of the Eyeball?

A

Uvea or Uveal Tract

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57
Q

What makes up the Inner Layer of the Eyeball?

A

Retina

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58
Q

What is the Sclera?

A

Tough Fibrous Layer
White and Opaque
AKA the white of the eye

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59
Q

What is the Cornea?

A

Transparent

Occupies 1/6 of the eyeball

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60
Q

Why is the Sclera white and the Cornea Clear?

A

Their fibers are arranged differently

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61
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Uvea?

A

Choroid
Ciliary Body
Iris

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62
Q

What are the two parts of the Retina?

A

Optic Part- Visual Part

Non-Visual Part

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63
Q

What color is the Choroid? What layer of the eyeball is it in?

A

Dark Reddish Brown Membrane

Uvea or Uveal Tract

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64
Q

Where does the Choroid get it’s color from?

A

Pigmented cells

Rich in blood vessels

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65
Q

What is the large blood vessel layer of the Choroid called?

A

Vascular Lamina

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66
Q

What layer of the Choroid is the Vascular Lamina?

A

Outer layer

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67
Q

How many layers does the Choroid have?

A

3

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68
Q

What layer of the Choroid is the middle layer?

A

Capillary Lamina

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69
Q

What does the Capillary Lamina do?

A

Contacts the Retina

Provides Nutrition directly to the Retina

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70
Q

What is the innermost layer of the Choroid?

A

Light- Sensitive Layer of the Retina

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71
Q

What does the Light Sensitive Layer of the Retina do?

A

Accepts light

Does not have any blood vessels

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72
Q

What does the Choroid stick to very well?

A

Retina

Easily stripped from the Sclera

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73
Q

What is the Ciliary Body?

A

Smooth Muscle and Blood Vessels

Located Anterior to the Choroid

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74
Q

What layer of the eyeballs is the Ciliary Body in?

A

Middle, Vascular Layer

Uvea

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75
Q

What parts of the Ciliary Body provide attachment for the lens?

A

Ciliary Process

Zonular Fibers

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76
Q

What happens to the lens when changing from long distance vision to short distance vision?

A

Lens becomes thicker

B/c Ciliary body m. contracts

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77
Q

What are the folds behind the Ciliary Body that secrete Aqueous Humor?

A

Ciliary Processes

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78
Q

What is Aqueous Humor?

A 
Liquid
Fills Anterior and Posterior Chamber
Balances Pressure for the eye
Provides Nutrition to the eye
Has no blood vessels
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79
Q

Where is the Anterior Chamber?

A

Space btw Cornea and Iris/Pupil

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80
Q

Where is the Posterior Chamber?

A

Space btw the Iris/Pupil and the Lens/Ciliary Body

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81
Q

What is the Iris?

A

Contractile Diaphragm with an opening in the center (Pupil)

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82
Q

What is the Pupil used for?

A

Transmitting light

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83
Q

What are the 2 involuntary smooth muscles located in the Ciliary Body?

A
  1. Sphincter Pupillae

2. Dilator Pupillae

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84
Q

What kind of nerve controls the Sphincter Pupillae?

A

Parasympathetic Nerve

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85
Q

What kind of nerve controls the Dilator Pupillae?

A

Sympathetic Nerve

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86
Q

What happens to the pupil when the Sphincter Pupillae contracts?

A

Pupil becomes small

happens in bright places so the eye isn’t overwhelmed by light

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87
Q

What happens to the pupil when the Dilator Pupillae contracts?

A

The pupil becomes larger

Happens in the dark so we can take in as much light as possible

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88
Q

Which of the 3 layers of the eyeball is the most important?

A

Retina

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89
Q

What does the Retina do?

A

Receives images and sends them to the brain

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90
Q

How many layers is the Retina divided into in Ophthalmology?

A

10

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91
Q

What part of the Retina is light sensitive?

A

Optic Part

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92
Q

What are the 2 layers of the Optic Part of the Retina?

A
  1. Neural Layer

2. Pigment Layer

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93
Q

Which layer of the Optic part is light receptive?

A

Neural Layer

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94
Q

What is the Pigment Layer of the Optic Part?

A

Contains a single layer of pigmented cells, so it’s black

Absorbs the extra light

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95
Q

What is the Non-Visual Part of the Retina?

A

Layer of Pigmented cells
Continuous with the Pigment Layer of the Optic Part of the Retina
Covers the back of the Ciliary Body/ Iris

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96
Q

Does the Non-Visual Part of the Retina accept images? Why or Why not?

A

No, it cannot because light doesn’t reach it

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97
Q

Where and what is the Ora Serrata?

A

Located btw Non-Visual Part and Pigmented Layer

Irregular border/line separating the Non-Visual Part from the Optic Part

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98
Q

Where is the Fundus located?

A

Posterior to the eyeball

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99
Q

What part of the Fundus is round and depressed?

A

Optic Disc

Optic Papilla

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100
Q

What goes through the Optic Disc/Optic Papilla?

A

Fibers exit the Retina

Blood Vessels enter the Retina

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101
Q

What is the name of the blind spot of the eye? Why is it blind?

A

Optic Disc/ Papilla

No photoreceptors

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102
Q

What is lateral to the Optic Disc?

A

Macula (Lutea)

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103
Q

What part of the eye is an acute place for vision due to many special photoreceptors?

A

Macula

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104
Q

What is at the center of the Macula?

A

Fovea Centralis

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105
Q

What is the Fovea Centralis

A

Most acute vision place

1.5mm in diameter

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106
Q

What is at the center of the Fovea Centralis?

A

Foveola

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107
Q

What is the Foveola?

A

Center part of Fovea Centralis
Sharpens Vision
No capillaries

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108
Q

What Artery supplies the Retina?

A

Central Artery of the Retina

Branch of the Ophthalmic Artery

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109
Q

What 4 structures must lightwaves pass thru to get to the Retina?

A
  1. Cornea
  2. Aqueous Humor
  3. Lens
  4. Vitrous Humor
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110
Q

What part of the eye is responsible for light refraction?

A

Cornea

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111
Q

What is the Cornea innervated by?

A

CN V1

Ophthalmic Nerve

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112
Q

Where does the Aqueous Humor go to?

A

Sclera Venous Sinus

AKA Canal of Schlemm

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113
Q

Where is the Canal of Schlemm/ Sclera Venous Sinus Located?

A

Iridoconeal Angle

It’s a circular Vessel

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114
Q

What is a Glaucoma caused by?

A

A blockage in the Canal of Schlemm

Old Humor cannot leave and produces a high pressure

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115
Q

Where is the Lens located?

A

Posterior to the Pupil

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116
Q

What makes up the Lens?

A

High Elastic outer layer

Capsule of the lens is attached via Zonular Fibers (from the Ciliary Body)

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117
Q

Changing the shape of the Lens changes what?

A

Refraction of light

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118
Q

What has the power to change the shape of the Lens?

A

Ciliary Muscle

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119
Q

What is Vitrous Humor?

A

Jelly like Material

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120
Q

Where is the Vitrous Humor Located?

A

Posterior to the Lens

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121
Q

What does the Vitrous Humor do?

A

Transmits light and supports the eyeball

Especially, the Retina and Lens

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122
Q

What are the 7 muscles of the orbit?

A
  1. Levator Palpebra Superioris m.
  2. Superior Rectus m.
  3. Medial Rectus m.
  4. Lateral Rectus m.
  5. Inferior Rectus m.
  6. Superior Oblique m.
  7. Inferior Oblique m.
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123
Q

What does rectus mean?

A

Straight

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124
Q

What is the Levator Palpebral Superioris used for?

A

Elevate the Superior Eyelid

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125
Q

What are the Rectus and Oblique m. used for?

A

Move eyeballs

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126
Q

What does Opposition mean?

A

The opposing m. on the same eye should always cooperate with the action of the opposite side in order to maintain balance

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127
Q

How many layers does the Levator Palpebral Superioris m. have?

A

2

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128
Q

Where do the 2 layers of the Levator Palpebral Superioris m. go?

A
  1. Skin of the eyelid

2. Superior Tarsal (Muller’s Muscle)

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129
Q

What kind of nerves supply Muller’s Muscle?

A

Sympathetic Fibers

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130
Q

What nerve supplies the layer of the Levator Palpebral Superioris that goes to the skin?

A

Oculomotor Nerve

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131
Q

What is the Origin of the 4 Rectus m.?

A

Common Tendinous Ring

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132
Q

What does the Common Tendinous Ring do?

A

Attaches the Optic Canal and part of the Superior Orbital Fissure
Many Nerves and Vessels penetrate to go into Orbit

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133
Q

In what way does the Superior Rectus m. move the pupils?

A

Superior

Medial

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134
Q

What m. balances the Medial movement of the Superior Rectus m.?

A

Superior Oblique m.

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135
Q

What m. helps the Superior Rectus m. move the pupil superiorly?

A

Inferior Oblique m.

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136
Q

What is Intorsion and Extorsion?

A

Movements around the Anteroposterior Axis

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137
Q

Intorison means what?

A

Medially

So, Medial Rotation

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138
Q

Extorsion means what?

A

Laterally

So, Lateral Rotation

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139
Q

Rotation around the Transverse Axis moves pupil how?

A

Superiorly- Elevation
or
Inferiorly- Depression

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140
Q

Rotation around the Vertical Axis moves the pupil how?

A

Medially- Adduction
or
Laterally- Abduction

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141
Q

Levator Palpebral Superioris m. Main Action

A

Elevates superior eyelid

M/D p. 900

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142
Q

Superior Oblique m. Main Action

A

Abducts
Depresses
Medially Rotates
(M/D p. 900)

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143
Q

Inferior Oblique m. Main Action

A

Abducts
Elevates
Laterally Rotates
(M/D p. 900)

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144
Q

Superior Rectus m. Main Action

A

Elevates
Adducts
Medially Rotates
(M/D p. 900)

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145
Q

Inferior Rectus m. Main Action

A

Depresses
Adducts
Laterally Rotates
(M/D p. 900)

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146
Q

Medial Rectus m. Main Action

A

Adducts

M/D p. 900

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147
Q

Lateral Rectus m. Main Action

A

Adducts

M/D p. 900

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148
Q

What is a Yoke Muscle?

A

Muscles that work together to make both eyes view one object

R. Lateral Rectus and L. Medial Rectus

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149
Q

What are the 5 Nerves of the Orbit?

A
  1. CN II
  2. CN III
  3. CN IV
  4. CN V1
  5. CN VI
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150
Q

CN II is what nerve?

A

Optic

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151
Q

CN III is what nerve?

A

Oculomotor

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152
Q

CN IV is what nerve?

A

Trochlear

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153
Q

CN V is what nerve?

A

Trigeminal

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154
Q

CN V1 is what nerve?

A

Ophthalmic

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155
Q

CN VI is what nerve?

A

Abducent

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156
Q

What two holes do the nerves of the orbit travel through from the cranial cavity to the orbit?

A

Superior Orbital Fissure

Optic Canal

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157
Q

Which of the Orbital Nerves travels in the Optic Canal?

A

CN II- The Optic Nerve

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158
Q

Which CN support the extraocular m. of the orbit?

A

CN III
CN IV
CN VI

LR6SO4AO3
Lateral Rectus- Abducent
Superior Oblique- Trochlear
All Others- Oculomotor

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159
Q

What does LR6SO4AO3 mean?

A 
LR6
Lateral Rectus- Abducent
SO4
Superior Oblique- Trochlear
AO3
All Others- Oculomotor
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160
Q

What orbital nerves travel through the Superior Orbital Fissure to supply the Lacrimal Gland and Eyelids?

A

Ophthalmic (CN V1)- Frontal, Nasociliary and Lacrimal

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161
Q

Ciliary Ganglion belongs to what nerve?

A

Oculomotor (CN III)

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162
Q

Ciliary Ganglion is associated with what nerve?

A

Trigeminal (CN IV)

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163
Q

What makes up the Ciliary Ganglion?

A

Small group of postsynaptic parasympathetic nerve cell bodies

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164
Q

Where is the Ciliary Ganglion located?

A

Btw Optic Nerve and Lateral Rectus

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165
Q

What is the most important function of the Ciliary Ganglion?

A

Parasympathetic neurons to change from pre to post

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166
Q

What 3 nerves enter the Ciliary Ganglion?

A
  1. Sensory Fibers from the Trigeminal (CN V1)
  2. Presynaptic Parasympathetic fibers from the Oculomotor (CN III)
  3. Postsynaptic Sympathetic Fibers from the Internal Carotid Plexus
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167
Q

How do the Sensory fibers of the Trigeminal Nerve get to the Ciliary Ganglion?

A

Communicating branch of the Nasociliary Nerve
AKA Sensory Root
AKA Nasociliary Root of Ciliary Ganglion

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168
Q

How do the Presynaptic Parasympathetic Fibers get to the Ciliary Ganglion?

A

Oculomotor Root of Ciliary Ganglion

AKA Parasympathetic Root

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169
Q

How do the Postsynaptic Sympathetic FIbers get to the Ciliary Ganglion?

A

Sympathetic Root of the Ciliary Ganglion

come from a sympathetic ganglion in neck

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170
Q

What are the 4 nerves sent out of the Ciliary Ganglion?

A
  1. Short Ciliary Nerves
  2. Parasympathetic Fibers
  3. Sympathetic Fibers
  4. Sensory Fibers
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171
Q

Where do the Short Ciliary Nerves go to?

A

Iris
Ciliary Body
Cornea

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172
Q

Where do the Parasympathetic Fibers that exit the Ciliary Ganglion go to?

A

Spincter Pupillae
Ciliary Muscle

Makes pupil small
Makes Lens thick

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173
Q

Where do the Sympathetic FIbers that exit the Ciliary Body go to?

A

Dilator Pupillae

Makes pupil large

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174
Q

Where do the Sensory Fibers that exit the Ciliary Ganglion go to?

A

Cornea to receive sensation

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175
Q

Where does Horner Syndrome come from?

A

Injury of the Cervical Sympathetic Trunk

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176
Q

What happens in Horner Syndrome?

A

Ipsilateral (same side) Sympathetic Function lost
No stimulating can be induced
Therefore, nerve died

If nerve is dead then m, organ, tissue will not work agian

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177
Q

What are the 4 Signs of Horner Syndrome?

A
  1. Constriction of the pupil (miosis)
  2. Drooping of the Superior Eyelid (ptosis)
  3. Redness and Increased Temperature of the skin (visodilation)
  4. Absence of sweating (anhydrosis)
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178
Q

Miosis means?

A

Constriction of the Pupil

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179
Q

Why would the pupil become constricted?

A

Sympathetic nerves stops working (it dilates) so work is finished by parasympatheic n.

Parasympathetic n controls the sphincter pupillae (makes pupil small).
Therefore, pupil becomes constricted

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180
Q

Why would the Superior Eyelid Droop?

A

Superior Tarsal m. (Mueller’s Muscle) is paralyzed
This is b/c the sympathetic n that supplies the m. doesn’t work

m. stops working, eyelid goes down

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181
Q

Ptosis means?

A

Drooping of the Superior Eyelid

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182
Q

Blood supply of the orbit is mainly from what artery?

A

Ophthalmic Artery- from Internal Carotid Artery
and
Infraorbital Artery- from External Carotid Artery

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183
Q

How many branches does the Ophthalmic a. have?

A

He said 11 in class (don’t worry about Dorsal Nasal)

Notes have 12

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184
Q

What are the 12 Branches of the Ophthalmic?

A
  1. Central a. of the Retina
  2. Short Posterior Ciliary
  3. Long Posterior Ciliary
  4. Anterior Ciliary
  5. Muscular Branches
  6. Lacrimal
  7. Supraorbital
  8. Supratrochlear
  9. Dorsal Nasal
  10. Anterior Ethmoid*
  11. Posterior Ethmoid*
  12. Infraorbital
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185
Q

Central a. of the Retina

A

From Ophthalmic
Runs in Optic n until the Optic Disc
Divides into 4 ending branches
Provides nutrition to the internal layer of the Retina

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186
Q

Short Posterior Ciliary Arteries

A

6
Branch in Choroid
Send nutrition to external layer of Retina through extracellular fluids
(Notes p. 41 top)

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187
Q

Long Posterior Ciliary Arteries

A

2

Supply Ciliary Body + Iris

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188
Q

Anterior Ciliary Arteries

A

Sent out by Muscular Branches (anastomosis with Long Posterior Ciliary a.)

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189
Q

What are the 2 veins of the Orbit?

A
  1. Superior Ophthalmic Vein

2. Inferior Ophthalmic Vein

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190
Q

Where do the 2 Orbital veins pass through to enter the cranial cavity?

A

Superior Orbital Fissure

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191
Q

What do the 2 Orbital veins connect with inside the skull?

A

Cavernous Sinus

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192
Q

What do the 2 Orbital veins communicate with?

A

Pterygoid Venous Plexus

Facial Vein

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193
Q

Scleral Venous Sinus (AKA Canal of Schlemm)

A

Very special to eye
Circular vein around the anterior chamber
*Through this sinus the Aqueous Humor returns to Blood Circulation

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194
Q

What is the Superior Border of the Parotid Region?

A

Zygomatic Arch

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195
Q

What is the Inferior Border of the Parotid Region?

A

Angle and Inferior border of Mandible

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196
Q

What is the Anterior Border of the Parotid Region?

A

Anterior border of Masseter m.

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197
Q

What is the Posterior Border of the Parotid Region?

A

External Ear

Anterior Border of the SCM m.

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198
Q

What is the Medial Border of the Parotid Region?

A

Ramus of the Mandible

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199
Q

Which gland is the largest of the 3 Salivary glands?

A

Parotid Gland

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200
Q

What encloses the Parotid gland within a tough facial capsule?

A

Parotid Fascia

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201
Q

Where does the Parotid Fascia come from?

A

Investing layer of deep cervical Fascia

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202
Q

What shape is the Parotid Gland?

A

Triangular

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203
Q

What is the Parotid Gland wedged between?

A

Ramus of the Mandible

Mastoid Process

204
Q

What is the Parotid Gland divided into? What’s inside?

A

Lobes

Fat is inside

205
Q

What exits the Anterior part of the Parotid Gland?

A

Parotid Duct

206
Q

What is the route of the Parotid Duct?

A

From Anterior part of gland
goes forward to anterior border of the masseter
enters oral cavity

207
Q

Where is the opening of the Parotid Duct?

A

Opposite to the 2nd Maxillary Molar Tooth

208
Q

What are the 3 structures imbedded in the Parotid Gland?

A
  1. Parotid Plexus of the Facial Nerve (CN VII)
  2. Retromandibular Vein
  3. External Carotid Artery
209
Q

What 3 nerves innervate the Parotid Gland?

A
  1. Greater Auricular Nerve
  2. Auriculotemporal Nerve
  3. Sympathetic Nerve
210
Q

Where does the Great Auricular Nerve come from?

A

C2/C3 Cervical Plexus from Spinal nerve

211
Q

Where does the Auriculotemporal Nerve in the Parotid Gland come from?

A

Nerve is sent out by Otic Ganglion as a Postsynaptic parasympathetic fiber

Presynaptic fibers from Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) send fibers to the Otic Ganglion

212
Q

Where do the Sympathetic Nerves of the Parotid Gland come from?

A

External Carotid Nerve Plexus

213
Q

What is the Superior Boundary of the Temporal Region?

A

Temporal Lines

214
Q

What is the Inferior Boundary of the Temporal Region?

A

Infratemporal Crest

215
Q

What is the Anterior Boundary of the Temporal Region?

A

Frontal and Zygomatic Bones

216
Q

What is the Posterior Boundary of the Temporal Region?

A

Temporal Lines

217
Q

What is the Floor of the Temporal Region?

A 
Bones:
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid

Pterion is here*

218
Q

In what Boundary of the Temporal Region is the Pterion found?

219
Q

What is the Roof of the Temporal Region?

A

Temporal Fascia (covers Temporal m)

220
Q

What is the Temporal Fascia?

A

Covers Temporal Muscle
Tough
Attaches superior temporal line and zygomatic arch

Has 2 layers to attach to medial and lateral side of the arch

221
Q

Where is the infratemporal fossa located? Is it a regular or irregular space?

A

Irregular Space
Under the zygomatic arch
Deep to the ramus of the mandible
Posterior to Maxilla

222
Q

What’s the Superior Border of the Infratemporal Region?

A

Inferior Surface of the Greater Wing of the Sphenoid Bone

223
Q

What is the Inferior Border of the Infratemporal Fossa?

A

Attachment place of the Medial Pterygoid Muscle

224
Q

What is the Anterior Border of the Infratemporal Fossa?

A

Posterior Aspect of the Maxilla

225
Q

What is the Posterior Border of the Infratemporal Fossa?

A

Tympanic Plate
Mastoid Process
Styloid Process

226
Q

What is the Medial Border of the Infratemporal Fossa?

A

Lateral Plate of the Pterygoid Bone

227
Q

What is the Lateral Border of the Infratemporal Fossa?

A

Ramus of the Mandible

228
Q

What are the Contents of the Temporal Region?

A

Temporalis Muscle

229
Q

What are the muscular contents of the Infratemporal Fossa? (3)

A
  1. Inferior Part of Temporal Muscle
  2. Lateral Pterygoid Muscle
  3. Medial Pterygoid Muscle
230
Q

What are the artery contents of the Infratemporal Fossa? (1)

A

Maxillary Artery

231
Q

What are the venous contents of the Infratemporal Fossa? (1)

A

Pterygoid Venous Plexus

232
Q

What is the nerve content of the Infratemporal Fossa? (6)

A
  1. Mandibular Nerve
  2. Inferior Alveolar Nerve
  3. Buccal Nerve
  4. Lingual Nerve
  5. Chorda Tympani Nerve
  6. Otic Ganglion
233
Q

Where is the Maxillary Artery from?

A

Terminal Artery of the External Carotid Artery posterior to neck of mandible

234
Q

What muscle divides the Maxillary Artery into 3 parts?

A

Lateral Pterygoid Muscle

2nd part lies on this muscle

235
Q

How many branches come from the Maxillary Artery?

A

15

5:4:6 for part 1, 2, and 3

236
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the Maxillary Artery?

A
  1. Masseteric
  2. Inferior Alveolar
  3. Middle Meningeal
237
Q

How does the Masseteric artery travel?

A

Through the Mandibular Notch

238
Q

What does the Masseteric Artery Supply?

A

Temporomandibular Joint

Masseter Muscle

239
Q

How does the Inferior Alveolar Artery run?

A

Enters Mandibular Canal through Mandibular Foramen

240
Q

What does the Inferior Alveolar Artery Supply?

A

Teeth and Mandibular Bone

241
Q

How does the Middle Meningeal Artery Run?

A

Through a loop of the Auriculotemporal nerve

Into Cranial cavity through Foramen Spinosum

242
Q

What does the Middle Meningeal Artery Supply?

A

Dural Mater
Facial Nerve
Trigeminal Nerve

243
Q

What Venous system supplies the Infratemporal Fossa?

A

Pterygoid Venous Plexus

244
Q

Where is the Pterygoid Venous Plexus located?

A

Btw Temporal m and Pterygoid m

245
Q

What does the Pterygoid Venous Plexus anastomose with?

A

Facial Vein through the Deep Facial Vein

Cavernous Sinus through Emissary Veins

246
Q

How does the Mandibular Nerve run?

A

Through the Foramen ovale and into the infratemporal fossa

247
Q

What are the 5 branches of the Mandibular Nerve?

A
  1. Auriculotemporal
  2. Inferior Alveolar
  3. Buccal
  4. Lingual
  5. Masseteric
248
Q

What Nerve of the Infratemporal Fossa comes from the Facial Nerve?

A

Chorda Tympani Nerve

249
Q

This nerve encircles the middle meningeal artery, then divides into several branches to supply the skin of the auricle and temporal scalp. It also contains Parasympathetic fibers to the Parotid Gland.

A

Auriculotemporal Nerve

250
Q

This nerve goes into the mandibular canal through the mandibular foramen and supplies all mandibular teeth. It also exits the mental foramen to become the mental nerve and supplies the skin of the chin, mucous membrane of the lower lip and vestibular gingiva.

A

Inferior Alveolar Nerve

251
Q

This nerve is a sensory nerve to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, floor of the mouth and the lingual gingiva. It travels before the inferior alveolar nerve

A

Lingual Nerve

252
Q

What is the Chorda Tympani a branch of?

A

Facial Nerve

253
Q

What does the Chorda Tympani join? Is it sensory or motor?

A

Joins Lingual Nerve-Sensory for taste

Submandibular ganglion-Motor to supply the Mandible and Sublingual Glands

254
Q

Where is the Otic Ganglion located?

A

Infratemporal Fossa

Deep to Mandibular Nerve

255
Q

Is the Otic Gangion Parasympathetic or Sympathetic? What nerve does it send to the Parotid Gland?

A

Parasympathetic

Auriculotemporal Nerve

256
Q

What nerve supplies all muscles of mastication except the buccinators?

A

Masseteric Nerve

257
Q

What type of joint is the TMJ?

A

Synovial Joint

258
Q

What are the three components of the TMJ?

A
  1. Joint Surface
  2. Joint Capsule
  3. Joint Cavity
259
Q

What part of a joint is covered by articular cartilage?

A

Joint Surface

260
Q

What part of a joint contains a small amount of lubricating synovial fluid that is secreted by the synovial membrane?

A

Joint Cavity

261
Q

What part of a joint consists of a fibrous and synovial capsule?

A

Joint Capsule

262
Q

What are the 3 components of the TMJ’s Joint surface?

A
  1. Condyle of the Mandible
  2. Mandibular Fossa
  3. Articular tubercle of the Temporal bone
263
Q

What is the special cavity with a cartilage articular disc between the joint surfaces?

A

Joint Cavity

separated by the disc into two cavities

264
Q

What is the fibrous layer that attaches to the margins of the articular area on the temporal bone and around the neck of the mandible?

A

Joint Capsule= loose

265
Q

What are the two membranes of the joint cavity called? What separates them?

A

Superior Synovial Membrane
Inferior Synovial Membrane
Articular Disk

266
Q

What is the intrinsic ligament of the TMJ?

A

Temporomandibular Ligament

AKA Lateral Ligament

267
Q

Describe the Temporomandibular Ligament

A

Part of the Fibrous layer of capusle

Increases strength of lateral part of TMJ

268
Q

What are the 2 extrinsic ligaments of the TMJ?

A
  1. Stylomandibular Ligament

2. Sphenomandibular Ligament

269
Q

Describe the Stylomandibular Ligament

A

From fibrous capsule of the parotid gland

Runs from Styloid process to angle of the mandible

270
Q

Describe the Sphenomandibular Ligament

A

From Spine of Sphenoid to Lingua of Mandible
Real Ligament
(Spine is under the Sphenoid bone)

271
Q

What kind of joint is the TMJ?

A

Hinge joint
AKA Ginglymus Joint
Uniaxial Joint
Can only do Elevation and Depression- because of articular disc

272
Q

This action opens the mouth

A

Depression

273
Q

What occurs during depression and elevation?

A

Condyles on both sides move on same axis combining the two joints

Condyle and Disc DO NOT slide Anteriorly or Posteriorly
They stay in Mandibular Fossa

274
Q

This action closes the mouth

275
Q

What action sends the mandible forward?

A

Protrusion

276
Q

What do the condyles do during Protrusion?

A

Both condyles slide forward

Condyle and disc slide against mandibular fossa anteriorly in superior cavity

277
Q

What actions sends the mandible backward?

278
Q

What do the condyles do during retrusion?

A

Condyles of two sides slide backward

Condyle and disc slide against the mandibular fossa posteriorly in superior cavity

279
Q

What kind of movement is grinding and chewing?

A

Lateral Movement

280
Q

In what movement does one condyle stay in the mandibular fossa and one rotate while the other condyle and disc slide in the mandibular fossa?

A

Lateral Movement

281
Q

What 4 actions are included in Lateral Movement?

A

Rotation
Sliding
Grinding
Chewing

282
Q

Which movement of the TMJ is a “big depression action” in which we open our mouth very wide?

A

Combination Movement of Hinge and Grinding

283
Q

What happens to the condyle in Combination Movement of Hinge and Grinding?

A

Condyle and disc move forward to under the articular tubercle

284
Q

What happens to the condyle if we dislocate it anteriorly?

A

Condyle passes anterior to the anterior tubercle

285
Q

What can cause a dislocation of the jaw?

A

Yawning

Taking large bite

286
Q

What is Jaw Locked Open?

A

Mandible remains wide open and the person cannot close the mouth

287
Q

What are the 4 muscles of Mastication/TMJ movement?

A
  1. Temporal m
  2. Masseter m
  3. Lateral Pterygoid m
  4. Medial Pterygoid m
288
Q

What three Muscles of Mastication mainly Elevate the Mandible?

A

Temporal M
Masseter M
Medial Pterygoid M

289
Q

Which muscle of Mastication mainly Protrudes and Depresses the Mandible?

A

Lateral Pterygoid M

290
Q

What are the 4 muscles of Mastication developed from?

A

Mesoderm of the Embryonic FIRST PHARYNGEAL ARCH (AKA Mandibular Arch)

291
Q

What nerve innervates all 4 of the muscles of Mastication?

A

Motor Root of Mandibular Nerve (CN V3)

This nerve innervates the arch from embryonic stage thru adulthood

292
Q

What other 3 muscles aid in TMJ movement?

A
  1. Suprahyoid
  2. Infrahyoid
  3. Playtisma
293
Q

What are the 2 functions of the Oral Region?

A
  1. Digestion

2. Speaking

294
Q

What are the 4 steps of the digestion process in the Oral Cavity?

A
  1. Taking in food
  2. Minced by teeth
  3. Chemically treated by saliva
  4. Swallowed
295
Q

Is swallowing an Automatic or Voluntary Process?

A

Automatic

Taking in food is voluntary

296
Q

What is the Superior border of the lips?

297
Q

What is the Lateral border of the lips?

A

Nasolabial Sulcus

298
Q

What is the Inferior border of the lips?

A

Mentolabial Sulcus

299
Q

What are the three layers of the lips?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Orbicularis Oris
  3. Mucous Membrane
300
Q

What color is the Transition zone? Why?

A

Red

Capillaries under thin skin

301
Q

What is the purpose of the Transition Zone?

A

Connect skin outside with the mucous membrane inside of the mouth

302
Q

What is the fold of Mucous Membrane in the Midline of the Upper and Lower Lip called?

A

Labial Frenulum

303
Q

What 4 Arteries form the ring around the lips?

A
  1. Superior Labial a
  2. Inferior Labial a
  3. Infraorbital a
  4. Mental a
304
Q

Where are the Superior/Inferior Labial arteries from?

A

Facial Artery

305
Q

What nerve supplies the upper lip?

A

Infraorbital Nerve (Maxillary of Trigeminal)

306
Q

What nerve supplies the lower lip?

A

Mental Nerve (Mandibular of Trigeminal)

307
Q

Where does the Lymph of the Lip region go?

A

Submental Lymph Nodes

308
Q

The cheeks are equal to what region outside?

A

Buccal Region

309
Q

What is the Anterior Border of the Cheek?

A

Oral and Mental Region

310
Q

What is the Superior Border of the Cheek?

A

Zygomatic Region

311
Q

What is the Posterior Border of the Cheek?

A

Parotid Region

312
Q

What is the Inferior Border of the Cheek?

A

Border of the Mandible

313
Q

What other two regions do people associate with the Cheek?

A

Zygomatic Region

Parotid Region

314
Q

What are the three layers of the Cheeks?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Muscle
  3. Mucous Membrane
315
Q

What 3 things are included in the Middle Layer of the Cheek?

A

Buccinator M
Buccal Gland
Buccal Fat-Pads

316
Q

What does the Buccinator Muscle do?

A

Holds food btw the teeth

317
Q

What Artery Supplies the Cheek?

A

Buccal Artery of Maxillary Artery

318
Q

What Nerve supplies the Cheeks?

A

Buccal Nerve of Mandibular Nerve

319
Q

What are the 2 parts of the Oral Cavity?

A
  1. Vestibule

2. Oral Cavity Proper

320
Q

Where is the vestibule of the Oral Cavity Located?

A

Outside of the teeth

Btw lips/cheeks and teeth/gingiva when mouth is closed

321
Q

What is the door for the Vestibule of the Oral Cavity?

A

Fissure= Mouth

322
Q

What muscles control the size of an opened mouth?

A

Orbicularis Oris
Buccinators
Risorius

323
Q

Where is the Oral Cavity Proper Located?

A

Btw Upper and Lower Dental Arches or arcades

Dental arch=alveolar process of maxillary bone and mandibular bone plus teeth

324
Q

What is the Roof of the Oral Cavity Proper?

325
Q

What is the Floor of the Oral Cavity Proper?

326
Q

What are the Anterior and Lateral Walls of the Oral Cavity Proper?

A

Alveolar Processes of Teeth

327
Q

What is the Posterior Part of the Oral Cavity Proper?

A

No wall but goes to another space= Oropharynx

328
Q

What 2 parts can Gingiva be divided into?

A
  1. Gingiva Proper

2. Gingiva Mucosa

329
Q

What kind of Gingiva is easily moved and attached to soft tissue like fat and muscles?

A

Gingiva Mucosa= it’s soft and shiny

330
Q

What Gingiva is firmly attached to the alveolar process of the jaws and teeth?

A

Gingiva Proper

331
Q

What two bones does the word Jaw combine?

A

Mandibular Bone

Maxillary Bone

332
Q

What color is Gingiva Proper? Why?

A

Pink

Keratinizing= Keratin protein

333
Q

What type of protein is hard and protects soft tissue?

A

Keratin Protein

334
Q

What is the tissue around the teeth called?

A

Periodontium

335
Q

What is the function of Periodontium?

A

Hold teeth to bone

336
Q

Incisor

A

Used for cutting

337
Q

Canine

A

Used for cutting

338
Q

Premolar

A

Used for mince with 2 roots or cusps

339
Q

Molar

A

Used for mince with 3+ cusps

340
Q

3 Functions of Teeth?

A
  1. Cutting food
  2. Joining the development
  3. Participating in articulation
341
Q

What are teeth set in?

A

Tooth Socket

342
Q

Where are the teeth sockets located?

A

Alveolar Processes of maxillary and mandibular bones

343
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the Tooth Socket?

A
  1. Vestibular Surface (side)
  2. Lingual Surface (side)
  3. Occlusal Surface (top surface)
344
Q

3 divisions of a tooth

A
  1. Crown
  2. Neck
  3. Root
345
Q

What part of a tooth is exposed?

346
Q

What part of a tooth is in the socket?

A

Root held by Periodontium

347
Q

3 Parts of the root of a tooth

A
  1. Dentin
  2. Cement
  3. Enamel
348
Q

What is the Pulp Cavity used for?

A

Holding Blood vessels, nerves and Connective Tissue

349
Q

What part of the tooth is an Empty Cavity?

A

Pulp Cavity

350
Q

What part of the tooth sends blood vessels and nerves in or out of the Pulp Cavity?

A

Root Canal

351
Q

What is the Apical Foramen?

A

Tip of the Root of a tooth

352
Q

What is the Structure btw the tips of the root and socket?

A

Dento-Alveolar Syndesmosis or Gomphosis

353
Q

What is btw the Cement of the Root and the Periosteum of the Alveolar Bone?

A

Periodontium

354
Q

Where are Tactiles and Pressoreceptor Nerve Endings located that accept pressure changes?

A

Periodontium

355
Q

What Arteries and Veins supply the Teeth?

A

Superior & Inferior Alveolar a + v

356
Q

Lymph of Teeth

A

Submandibular Lymph Nodes

357
Q

What Plexus supplies the teeth?

A

Dental Plexus (sensory?)

358
Q

What forms the Dental Plexus?

A

Superior Alveolar n from Maxillary n

Inferior Alveolar n from Mandibular n

359
Q

What are the teeth of young children?

A

Primary Teeth

Deciduous Teeth

360
Q

What are the teeth of adults?

A

Secondary Teeth

Permanent Teeth

361
Q

of Deciduous Teeth?

362
Q

of Permanent Teeth?

363
Q

Where do Permanent teeth sit before coming through?

A

Alveolar Arch

AKA Tooth Buds

364
Q

What is the floor of the Nasal Cavity?

365
Q

What are the 2 parts of the Palate?

A
  1. Hard Palate

2. Soft Palate

366
Q

What is the Anterior 2/3 part of the Palate?

A

Hard palate

367
Q

Hard Palate is formed by…

A

Palatine process of Maxillary bone and Horizontal Plates of Palatine Bone

368
Q

What is posterior to the Incisive teeth?

A

Incisive Fossa

369
Q

What is deep to the Incisive Fossa?

A

Incisive Canal

370
Q

What passes thru the Incisive Canal to enter the mouth?

A

Nasopalatine Artery

371
Q

What is Medial to the 3rd Molar teeth?

A

Greater Palatine a + n

from Greater Palatine Foramen

372
Q

Greater Palatine a + n Travel thru what Foramen?

A

Greater Foramen

373
Q

What part of the palate is Posterior and has no bones?

A

Soft Palate

374
Q

What Connective Tissue is located in the Soft Palate

A

Palatine Aponeurosis

375
Q

What is the Conical Process of the Soft Palate?

376
Q

What part of the palate squeezes the bolus of food into the back of the mouth?

A

Soft Palate

377
Q

What closes the Pharynx to prevent food from getting into the Nasal Cavity?

A

Soft Palate

378
Q

What 2 arches are connected by the Soft Palate?

A
  1. Palatoglossal Arch

2. Palatopharyngeal Arch

379
Q

What does Fauces mean?

A

Narrow Space

380
Q

What is the Space in the back of the Oral Cavity called? Between the Cavity and the Pharynx

381
Q

What are the 3 Boundaries of the Fauces?

A
  1. Soft Palate
  2. Root of the Tongue
  3. Pillars of the Fauces
382
Q

Where is the Tonsillar Sinus (Fossa) Located?

A

Btw Palatoglossal Arches and Palatopharyngeal arches/ tongue

383
Q

Where is the Palatine Tonsil located? What is it?

A

Inside Tonsillar Sinus

Mass of Lymph tissue

384
Q

What is the surface of the Palate?

385
Q

Where is the Palatine Gland located?

A

Under the Palate

386
Q

How many Muscles are of the Soft Palate?

387
Q

What are the 5 Muscles of the Soft Palate?

A
  1. Tensor Veli Palatine
  2. Levator Veli Palatine
  3. Palatoglossus
  4. Palatopharyngeus
  5. Musculus Uvulae
388
Q

Where do the Muscles of the Soft Palate Attach and Insert?

A

Attach at base of Cranium or Palate

Insert in Soft Palate

389
Q

What do the muscles of the soft palate do?

A

Elevate

Depress

390
Q

What are the artery and vein of the Palate?

A

Greater & Lesser Palatine a + v

391
Q

What are the 2 sensory nerves of the Palate?

A
  1. Greater Palatine Nerve

2. Lesser Palatine Nerve

392
Q

What are the Greater and Lesser Palatine Nerves branches of?

A

Maxillary Nerve

393
Q

How do the Greater/Lesser Palatine Nerves travel?

A

Thru Pterygopalatine ganglion thru the Greater/Lesser Palatine Foramen and to the Palate

394
Q

What does the Greater Palatine Nerve Supply?

A

Gingiva
Mucosa
Glands

395
Q

What does the Lesser Palatine Nerve supply?

A

Soft Palate

396
Q

All muscles of soft palate except the Tensor Veli Palatine m are innervated by?

A

Pharyngeal Plexus of Vagus Nerve= MOTOR

397
Q

Tensor Veli Palatine m is innervated by?

A

Medial Pterygoid n (branch of mandibular)

398
Q

How many parts is the tongue divided into?

399
Q

The root of the Tongue is what part?

A

Posterior 1/3

400
Q

The Body of the Tongue is what part?

A

Anterior 2/3

401
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the tongue?

A
  1. Apex
  2. Dorsum
  3. Inferior Surface
402
Q

What part of the tongue rests on the floor of the Oral Cavity?

403
Q

What is the AKA of Root of Tongue?

A

Posterior third of the tongue

Pharyngeal part

404
Q

What part of the Tongue is easy to move?

405
Q

What is the AKA of the Body of the Tongue?

A

Anterior two third of the tongue

Oral Part

406
Q

What is the anterior tip of the Tongue?

407
Q

What is the Superior Surface of the Tongue?

408
Q

5 structures on Dorsum of Tongue

A
  1. Terminal Sulcus
  2. Foramen Cecum
  3. Lingual Papillae
  4. Midline Groove of the Tongue
  5. Lingual Nodules (AKA Lymphoid Nodules/ Lingual Tonsil)
409
Q

What is the Terminal Sulcus of the Tongue?

A

V-Shaped groove

410
Q

What is the Foramen Cecum of the Tongue?

A

Small Pit

Remnant of Proximal part of the Embryonic Thyroglossal duct

411
Q

What is the Lingual Papillae of the Tongue?

A

Make the surface of the tongue rough

412
Q

4 kinds of Lingual Papillae

A
  1. Foliate
  2. Vallate
  3. Filiform
  4. Fungiform
413
Q

Vallate Papilla

A 
Large
Top is Flat
Directly Anterior to Terminal Sulcus
Surrounded by Deep Trenches
Taste buds on wall
414
Q

Foliate Papilla

A

Small Long Shape

Two sides of tongue (Longitudinally)

415
Q

Filiform Papilla

A

Dorsum of tongue

Small

416
Q

Fungiform Papilla

A

Btw Filiform Papilla
Look like Mushrooms
Deep red color

417
Q

What 3 Lingual Papillae have taste receptors?

A

Vallate
Foliate
Most of Fungiform

418
Q

Lingual Tonsil

A

Lots of Lingual Nodules

No Papilla

419
Q

Describe the Inferior Surface of Tongue

A

Covered by Mucous Membrane

Transparent Mucosa= see veins

420
Q

Sublingual Caruncle

A

Located on each side of the Frenulum of the Tongue

Opening for Submandibular Duct here

421
Q

2 groups of muscles of the tongue

A
  1. Extrinsic

2. Intrinsic

422
Q

4 Extrinsic m of tongue

A
  1. Genioglossus
  2. Hyoglossus
  3. Styloglossus
  4. Palatoglossus
423
Q

Genioglossus m

A

Anterior part depressing

posterior part protruding

424
Q

Hyoglossus m

425
Q

Styloglossus m

426
Q

Palatoglossus m

A

Elevates Posterior part

427
Q

Where do the Extrinsic m of tongue come from?

A

Outside of the tongue and attach to the tongue

428
Q

What are the Extrinsic m of the tongue used for?

A

Changing Position of the tongue

429
Q

4 Intrinsic m of tongue

A
  1. Superior Longitudinal
  2. Inferior Longitudinal
  3. Transverse
  4. Vertical
430
Q

Superior Longitudinal m

A

Shortening

431
Q

Inferior Longitudinal m

A

Shortening

432
Q

Transverse m

433
Q

Vertical m

A

Flattening

434
Q

What are Intrinsic m of tongue used for?

A

Changing shape of the tongue

These muscles are all within the tongue/mouth do not come from outside

435
Q

What are the 4 sensory n of the tongue?

436
Q

Innervates all m of tongue except Palatoglossus m

A 
Hypoglossal nerve (XII) 
Motor
437
Q

Pharyngeal Plexus of Vagus Nerve innervates which m of the tongue?

A

Palatoglossus m

438
Q

2 sensations of the tongue

A

General

Special

439
Q

General Sensation

A

Touch
Temperature

On mucosa

440
Q

Special Sensation

A 
Taste on Papillae of Mucosa
Sweet
Sour
Salty
Bitter
441
Q

Sweetness

442
Q

Saltiness

A

Lateral margins

443
Q

Sourness/Bitterness

A

Posterior Part of tongue

444
Q

Controls General Sensation

Innervates Anterior 2/3 of mucosa of tongue

A

Lingual Nerve of CN V

445
Q

Controls Special Sensation

Innervates Anter 2/3 of mucosa of tongue

A

Chorda Tympani Nerve of CN VII

446
Q

Controls both General & Special Sensation
Posterior 1/3 of tongue
Vallate Palate

A

Lingual Branch of CN IX (Glossopharyngeal n)

447
Q

Control General & Special Sensation

Small area Anterior to Epiglottis of the Tongue

A

Internal Laryngeal Nerve of CN X

Penetrate Larynx go to root of tongue

448
Q

What 3 nerves have branches to the tongue for special sensation?

A
  1. Facial
  2. Glossopharyngeal
  3. Vagus
449
Q

Artery to Tongue

A

Lingual Artery

450
Q

Supply Anterior Part of Tongue

A

Deep Lingual Arteries

451
Q

Supply Posterior Part of Tongue

A

Dorsal Lingual Arteries

452
Q

Where do veins of tongue go?

A

IJV directly or indirectly….

453
Q

Lymph of Tongue

A

Submandibular Lymph Nodes

Submental Lymph Nodes

454
Q

3 Salivary Glands

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Sublingual
  3. Submandibular
455
Q

Where are smaller glands located?

A

Palate
Lips
Cheeks
Tongue

456
Q

4 Functions of smaller glands

A
  1. keep moist
  2. lubricate food, make swallowing easy
  3. digest the starch but not protein
  4. mouth washing
457
Q

Where is the Submandibular Gland Located?

A

Submandibular Triangle

458
Q

How long is the Submandibular duct?

459
Q

This duct has openings on a small sublingual papilla, just beside the lingual frenulum

A

Submandibular Gland

460
Q

What artery supplies the submandibular gland?

A

Submental Artery

Lingual n loops under duct

461
Q

Located btw mandible and the genioglossus m

A

Sublingual Gland

462
Q

Artery/ Nerve for Sublingual gland

A

Lingual a

N= same as submandibular gland

463
Q

Small Pyramidal- shape space

A

Pterygopalatine Fossa

464
Q

This space is under the apex of the orbit and very deep

A

Pterygopalatine Fossa

465
Q

Roof of Pterygopalatine Fossa

A

Greater wing and inferior orbital fissure

466
Q

Floor of Pterygopalatine Fossa

A

Pyramidal process of the palatine bone and palatine foramina

467
Q

Anterior Pterygopalatine Fossa

468
Q

Posterior Pterygopalatine Fossa

A

Pterygoid Process of Sphenoid

469
Q

Lateral Pterygopalatine Fossa

A

Pterygomaxially fissure

470
Q

Medial Pterygopalatine Fossa

A

Perpendicular plate of the palatine bone

471
Q

Lateral Communication of Pterygopalatine fossa

A

Infratemporal Fossa by Pterygomaxiallary fissure

472
Q

Medial Communication of Pterygopalatine fossa

A

Nasal cavity by Sphenopalatine foramen

473
Q

Anterosuperior Communication of Pterygopalatine fossa

A

Orbit by inferior orbital fissure

474
Q

Posterosuperior communication of Pterygopalatine fossa

A

Middle Cranial Fossa by Foramen Rotundum and Pterygoid canal

475
Q

Inferior Communication of Pterygopalatine Fossa

A

Oral cavity by palatine canal, greater/lesser palatine foramen

476
Q

3 contents of Pterygopalatine fossa

A
  1. terminal part of maxillary artery
  2. maxillary nerve
  3. pterygopalatine ganglion
477
Q

What’s the roof of the Pterygopalatine fossa?

A

Greater wing and inferior orbital fissure

478
Q

What’s the floor of the Pterygopalatine fossa?

A

Pyramidal process of the palatine bone

479
Q

Anterior boundary of Pterygopalatine fossa?

480
Q

Posterior Boundary of Pterygopalatine fossa?

A

Pterygoid process of the sphenoid

481
Q

Lateral boundary of Pterygopalatine fossa?

A

Pterygomaxillary fissure

482
Q

Medial Boundary of Pterygopalatine fossa?

A

Perpendicular plate of Palatine

483
Q

What does the Pterygopalatine fossa communicate with laterally?

A

Infratemporal fossa by pterygomaxillary fissure

484
Q

What does the Pterygopalatine fossa communicate with medially?

A

Nasal cavity by sphenopalatine

485
Q

What does the Pterygopalatine fossa communicate with anterosuperiorly?

A

Orbit by inferior orbital fissure

486
Q

What does the Pterygopalatine fossa communicate with posterosuperiorly?

A

middle cranial fossa by foramen rotundum and pterygoid canal

487
Q

What does the Pterygopalatine fossa communicate with inferiorly?

A

oral cavity by palatine canal

488
Q

Branches of the pterygopalatine part of the maxillary artery (6)?

A
  1. Posterior superior alveolar a
  2. infraorbital a
  3. artery of pterygoid canal
  4. pharyngeal a
  5. descending palatine a
  6. sphenopalatine
489
Q

Where does the maxillary n enter the pterygopalatine fossa?

A

Foramen Rotundum

490
Q

What does the Zygomatic n divide into?

A
  1. Zygomaticofacial

2. Zygomaticotemporal

491
Q

Pterygopalatine n suspend what structure?

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion

492
Q

What nerve is the main trunk of the maxillary n?

A

Infraorbital n

493
Q

Where does the greater petrosal nerve originate?

494
Q

What are the 4 functions of the nose?

A
  1. Part of respiratory tract
  2. Moisturize and warm inspired air
  3. Filtrate dust
  4. Receive and eliminate the secretions from the paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct
495
Q

What are the 5 parts of the external nose?

A
  1. Dorsum
  2. Root
  3. Apex
  4. Nares (nostrils)
  5. Alae (wings)
496
Q

What are the bones of the external nose?

A

Nasal
Frontal process of the maxilla
Nasal part of the frontal bone

497
Q

What are the 3 cartilages of the external nose?

A
  1. Septal
  2. Alar
  3. lateral
498
Q

What kind of gland is in the skin of the nose?

499
Q

What are the bones of the nasal septum called?

A

Vomer

Perpendicular plate of the Ethmoid

500
Q

What is the Anterior boundary of the Nasal Cavity?

501
Q

What is the Posterior Boundary of the Nasal Cavity?

A

Chonchae

Nasopharynx

502
Q

What is the Roof of the Nasal Cavity?

A

Nasal
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid Bones

503
Q

What is the Floor of the Nasal Cavity?

A

Palatine process of maxilla

Horizontal plates of palatine bone

504
Q

What is the medial boundary of the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal septum

505
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal Chonchae

Quarter 2 (7 decks)

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