Anat II Test 2 Flashcards
(505 cards)
1
Q
What bone separates the two orbits?
A
Ethmoid Bone
2
Q
What forms the medial walls of each orbit?
A
Sides of Ethmoid Bone
3
Q
What angle are the lateral walls at?
A
90
Right Angle
4
Q
The Axes of the orbits diverge at what degree?
A
45
5
Q
What axes are for sight?
A
Optical Axes
6
Q
Are the Optical Axes parallel or perpendicular?
A
Parallel
7
Q
What are the functions of the orbits?
A
Contain- eyeball and accessory organs
Guard- protect eyeball
8
Q
What are the 6 accessory structures of the orbit?
A
- Eyelid
- Extraocular M
- Nerves and Vessels
- Orbital Fascia
- Mucous Membrane
- Orbit Fat
9
Q
Number or walls, bases and apex of Orbit?
A
4 Walls
1 Base
1 Apex
10
Q
What is the base of the Orbit?
A
Orbit Margin is the outline of the base
The margin is strong because of its thickness
11
Q
What is the Superior Wall of the Orbit?
A
Formed by the Orbital Part of the Frontal Bone and Lesser Wing of Sphenoid Bone
Separates the orbit from the anterior cranial fossa
12
Q
What is the Fossa for the Lacrimal gland? Where is it located in relation to the Superior wall of the orbit?
A
It is a shallow impression
Located anterolaterally to the Superior Wall of the Orbit
13
Q
What is the Medial Wall of the Orbit?
A
Formed by the Frontal, Lacrimal, Ethmoid, and Sphenoid bones (from front to back)
14
Q
What structures are on or next to the Medial Wall?
A
Ethmoid Sinuses are next to this wall
The Lacrimal Groove, Fossa and sac are on this wall
15
Q
What is the Inferior Wall of the Orbit?
A
Formed by the Maxilla, Zygomatic and Palatine Bones
16
Q
What divides the Inferior Wall from the Lateral Wall of the Orbit?
A
Inferior Orbital Fissure
17
Q
What is the Lateral Wall of the Orbit?
A
Formed by the Frontal Process of the Zygomatic Bone and Greater WIng of the Sphenoid Bone
This wall is easily injured
18
Q
What is the Apex of the Orbit?
A
At the Optic Canal on the lesser wing of the Sphenoid Bone
19
Q
What is the function of the eyelid?
A
Protect eyeballs from irritating strong light and dust with help from the lacrimal fluid
20
Q
What is the function of Extraocular Muscle?
A
Move eyeballs and eyelids
21
Q
What is the function of Nerves and Vessels of the orbit?
A
To supply nutrition
22
Q
What is the function of the Orbital Fascia?
A
Protect eyeballs and muscles
23
Q
What is the funciton of the Mucous Membrane?
A
Lubricate the eyeballs
24
Q
What is the function of Orbit Fat?
A
Matrix for eyeballs
25
What covers the eyelids on the inside?
Palpebral Conjunctiva
| Superior and Inferior parts
26
What is the Bulbar Conjunctiva?
It covers the surface of the eyeball
| Continuous with the palpebral conjunctiva
27
What is the Palpebral Fissure?
Opening of the eye
28
What is the superior and inferior fornics?
Space formed when pulling eyelid up or down
If eyes are closed this space is called CONJUNCTIVA SAC
(page 31 no set definition)
29
What are the soft bones of the eye?
Superior and Inferior Tarsi
30
What is the Tarsal Gland? Where is it?
Provides the lipid secretion to eye for lubrication
| Located in the Tarsi
31
What kind of glands are located at the root of the eye lashes?
Sebaceous Glands
32
What is a Chalazia?
When the sebaceous glands are clogged due to infection and become swollen
(Stye)
33
The conjunction of the superior and inferior eyelids is called?
Medial and Lateral Palpebral Commissures
| AKA Canthi
34
What ligament connects the Tarsi to the bone of the orbit?
Medial Palpebral Ligament
| Lateral Palpebral Ligament (not as strong b/c other tissues help)
35
What aids the Lateral Palpebral Ligament in holding the eye/eyelid in orbit?
Orbital Septum
36
What 5 things does the Lacrimal Apparatus Include?
1. Lacrimal Gland
2. Lacrimal Duct
3. Lacrimal Canaliculi
4. Lacrimal Sac
5. Nasolacrimal Duct
37
What is the function of the Lacrimal Gland?
Secretes Lacrimal Fluid
| Fluid is bacteriocidal and nutrient/oxygen rich
38
What nerve supports the Lacrimal Gland?
Lacrimal Nerve- Ophthalmic N (V1)
39
What kind of Nerve or Nerves are in the Lacrimal Nerve?
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
40
In the Lacrimal Nerve, where do the Presynaptic Parasympathetic Fibers originate?
Facial Nerve
41
What Ganglion do the Presynaptic Parasympathetic Fibers of the Lacrimal Nerve synapse in?
Pterygopalatine Ganglion
42
What kind of Fibers are sent out of the Pterygopalatine Ganglion that make the Lacrimal Gland secrete less fluid?
Postsynaptic Parasympathetic Fibers
43
What is the Path of the Sympathetic fiber that makes the Lacrimal Gland secrete more fluid?
Presynaptic Sympathetic Fibers go to the Superior Cervical Ganglion then to the Pterygopalatine Ganglion and into the Zygomatic Nerve
44
What nerve do the Sympathetic Fibers of the Lacrimal Gland travel in?
Zygomatic Nerve
45
What are Lacrimal Ducts?
Several small ducts from the Lacrimal Gland
46
What part of the Lacrimal Apparatus collects tears from the Lacrimal Lake?
Lacrimal Punctum
Lacrimal Papilla
(tear holes on eyelids)
47
What transports the tears from the Lacrimal Lake to the Lacrimal Sac?
Lacrimal Canaliculi
48
What does the Nasolacrimal Duct do?
Leads the tears to the nose so they can be swallowed
49
What occupies most of the anterior part of the orbit?
The eyeball
50
What part of the eye is filled with all supporting material for the eyeball?
Posterior part of the Orbit
51
What is the Loose CT (connective tissue) that surrounds the eyeball?
Fascial Sheath (outermost layer around eyeball)
52
What is the posterior part of the Fascial Sheath called?
Bulbar Fascia
| AKA Tenon's Fascia
53
What does the Bulbar or Tenon's Fascia do?
Forms the socket for the eyeball
54
What are the three layers of the eyeball?
1. Outer- Fibrous Layer
2. Middle- Vascular Layer
3. Inner
55
What 2 parts make up the Outer Fibrous Layer of the Eyeball?
Sclera and Cornea
56
What is the name of the Middle Vascular Layer of the Eyeball?
Uvea or Uveal Tract
57
What makes up the Inner Layer of the Eyeball?
Retina
58
What is the Sclera?
Tough Fibrous Layer
White and Opaque
AKA the white of the eye
59
What is the Cornea?
Transparent
| Occupies 1/6 of the eyeball
60
Why is the Sclera white and the Cornea Clear?
Their fibers are arranged differently
61
What are the 3 parts of the Uvea?
Choroid
Ciliary Body
Iris
62
What are the two parts of the Retina?
Optic Part- Visual Part
| Non-Visual Part
63
What color is the Choroid? What layer of the eyeball is it in?
Dark Reddish Brown Membrane
| Uvea or Uveal Tract
64
Where does the Choroid get it's color from?
Pigmented cells
| Rich in blood vessels
65
What is the large blood vessel layer of the Choroid called?
Vascular Lamina
66
What layer of the Choroid is the Vascular Lamina?
Outer layer
67
How many layers does the Choroid have?
3
68
What layer of the Choroid is the middle layer?
Capillary Lamina
69
What does the Capillary Lamina do?
Contacts the Retina
| Provides Nutrition directly to the Retina
70
What is the innermost layer of the Choroid?
Light- Sensitive Layer of the Retina
71
What does the Light Sensitive Layer of the Retina do?
Accepts light
| Does not have any blood vessels
72
What does the Choroid stick to very well?
Retina
| Easily stripped from the Sclera
73
What is the Ciliary Body?
Smooth Muscle and Blood Vessels
| Located Anterior to the Choroid
74
What layer of the eyeballs is the Ciliary Body in?
Middle, Vascular Layer
| Uvea
75
What parts of the Ciliary Body provide attachment for the lens?
Ciliary Process
| Zonular Fibers
76
What happens to the lens when changing from long distance vision to short distance vision?
Lens becomes thicker
| B/c Ciliary body m. contracts
77
What are the folds behind the Ciliary Body that secrete Aqueous Humor?
Ciliary Processes
78
What is Aqueous Humor?
```
Liquid
Fills Anterior and Posterior Chamber
Balances Pressure for the eye
Provides Nutrition to the eye
Has no blood vessels
```
79
Where is the Anterior Chamber?
Space btw Cornea and Iris/Pupil
80
Where is the Posterior Chamber?
Space btw the Iris/Pupil and the Lens/Ciliary Body
81
What is the Iris?
Contractile Diaphragm with an opening in the center (Pupil)
82
What is the Pupil used for?
Transmitting light
83
What are the 2 involuntary smooth muscles located in the Ciliary Body?
1. Sphincter Pupillae
| 2. Dilator Pupillae
84
What kind of nerve controls the Sphincter Pupillae?
Parasympathetic Nerve
85
What kind of nerve controls the Dilator Pupillae?
Sympathetic Nerve
86
What happens to the pupil when the Sphincter Pupillae contracts?
Pupil becomes small
| happens in bright places so the eye isn't overwhelmed by light
87
What happens to the pupil when the Dilator Pupillae contracts?
The pupil becomes larger
| Happens in the dark so we can take in as much light as possible
88
Which of the 3 layers of the eyeball is the most important?
Retina
89
What does the Retina do?
Receives images and sends them to the brain
90
How many layers is the Retina divided into in Ophthalmology?
10
91
What part of the Retina is light sensitive?
Optic Part
92
What are the 2 layers of the Optic Part of the Retina?
1. Neural Layer
| 2. Pigment Layer
93
Which layer of the Optic part is light receptive?
Neural Layer
94
What is the Pigment Layer of the Optic Part?
Contains a single layer of pigmented cells, so it's black
| Absorbs the extra light
95
What is the Non-Visual Part of the Retina?
Layer of Pigmented cells
Continuous with the Pigment Layer of the Optic Part of the Retina
Covers the back of the Ciliary Body/ Iris
96
Does the Non-Visual Part of the Retina accept images? Why or Why not?
No, it cannot because light doesn't reach it
97
Where and what is the Ora Serrata?
Located btw Non-Visual Part and Pigmented Layer
| Irregular border/line separating the Non-Visual Part from the Optic Part
98
Where is the Fundus located?
Posterior to the eyeball
99
What part of the Fundus is round and depressed?
Optic Disc
| Optic Papilla
100
What goes through the Optic Disc/Optic Papilla?
Fibers exit the Retina
| Blood Vessels enter the Retina
101
What is the name of the blind spot of the eye? Why is it blind?
Optic Disc/ Papilla
| No photoreceptors
102
What is lateral to the Optic Disc?
Macula (Lutea)
103
What part of the eye is an acute place for vision due to many special photoreceptors?
Macula
104
What is at the center of the Macula?
Fovea Centralis
105
What is the Fovea Centralis
Most acute vision place
| 1.5mm in diameter
106
What is at the center of the Fovea Centralis?
Foveola
107
What is the Foveola?
Center part of Fovea Centralis
Sharpens Vision
No capillaries
108
What Artery supplies the Retina?
Central Artery of the Retina
| Branch of the Ophthalmic Artery
109
What 4 structures must lightwaves pass thru to get to the Retina?
1. Cornea
2. Aqueous Humor
3. Lens
4. Vitrous Humor
110
What part of the eye is responsible for light refraction?
Cornea
111
What is the Cornea innervated by?
CN V1
| Ophthalmic Nerve
112
Where does the Aqueous Humor go to?
Sclera Venous Sinus
| AKA Canal of Schlemm
113
Where is the Canal of Schlemm/ Sclera Venous Sinus Located?
Iridoconeal Angle
| It's a circular Vessel
114
What is a Glaucoma caused by?
A blockage in the Canal of Schlemm
| Old Humor cannot leave and produces a high pressure
115
Where is the Lens located?
Posterior to the Pupil
116
What makes up the Lens?
High Elastic outer layer
| Capsule of the lens is attached via Zonular Fibers (from the Ciliary Body)
117
Changing the shape of the Lens changes what?
Refraction of light
118
What has the power to change the shape of the Lens?
Ciliary Muscle
119
What is Vitrous Humor?
Jelly like Material
120
Where is the Vitrous Humor Located?
Posterior to the Lens
121
What does the Vitrous Humor do?
Transmits light and supports the eyeball
| Especially, the Retina and Lens
122
What are the 7 muscles of the orbit?
1. Levator Palpebra Superioris m.
2. Superior Rectus m.
3. Medial Rectus m.
4. Lateral Rectus m.
5. Inferior Rectus m.
6. Superior Oblique m.
7. Inferior Oblique m.
123
What does rectus mean?
Straight
124
What is the Levator Palpebral Superioris used for?
Elevate the Superior Eyelid
125
What are the Rectus and Oblique m. used for?
Move eyeballs
126
What does Opposition mean?
The opposing m. on the same eye should always cooperate with the action of the opposite side in order to maintain balance
127
How many layers does the Levator Palpebral Superioris m. have?
2
128
Where do the 2 layers of the Levator Palpebral Superioris m. go?
1. Skin of the eyelid
| 2. Superior Tarsal (Muller's Muscle)
129
What kind of nerves supply Muller's Muscle?
Sympathetic Fibers
130
What nerve supplies the layer of the Levator Palpebral Superioris that goes to the skin?
Oculomotor Nerve
131
What is the Origin of the 4 Rectus m.?
Common Tendinous Ring
132
What does the Common Tendinous Ring do?
Attaches the Optic Canal and part of the Superior Orbital Fissure
Many Nerves and Vessels penetrate to go into Orbit
133
In what way does the Superior Rectus m. move the pupils?
Superior
| Medial
134
What m. balances the Medial movement of the Superior Rectus m.?
Superior Oblique m.
135
What m. helps the Superior Rectus m. move the pupil superiorly?
Inferior Oblique m.
136
What is Intorsion and Extorsion?
Movements around the Anteroposterior Axis
137
Intorison means what?
Medially
| So, Medial Rotation
138
Extorsion means what?
Laterally
| So, Lateral Rotation
139
Rotation around the Transverse Axis moves pupil how?
Superiorly- Elevation
or
Inferiorly- Depression
140
Rotation around the Vertical Axis moves the pupil how?
Medially- Adduction
or
Laterally- Abduction
141
Levator Palpebral Superioris m. Main Action
Elevates superior eyelid
| M/D p. 900
142
Superior Oblique m. Main Action
Abducts
Depresses
Medially Rotates
(M/D p. 900)
143
Inferior Oblique m. Main Action
Abducts
Elevates
Laterally Rotates
(M/D p. 900)
144
Superior Rectus m. Main Action
Elevates
Adducts
Medially Rotates
(M/D p. 900)
145
Inferior Rectus m. Main Action
Depresses
Adducts
Laterally Rotates
(M/D p. 900)
146
Medial Rectus m. Main Action
Adducts
| M/D p. 900
147
Lateral Rectus m. Main Action
Adducts
| M/D p. 900
148
What is a Yoke Muscle?
Muscles that work together to make both eyes view one object
R. Lateral Rectus and L. Medial Rectus
149
What are the 5 Nerves of the Orbit?
1. CN II
2. CN III
3. CN IV
4. CN V1
5. CN VI
150
CN II is what nerve?
Optic
151
CN III is what nerve?
Oculomotor
152
CN IV is what nerve?
Trochlear
153
CN V is what nerve?
Trigeminal
154
CN V1 is what nerve?
Ophthalmic
155
CN VI is what nerve?
Abducent
156
What two holes do the nerves of the orbit travel through from the cranial cavity to the orbit?
Superior Orbital Fissure
| Optic Canal
157
Which of the Orbital Nerves travels in the Optic Canal?
CN II- The Optic Nerve
158
Which CN support the extraocular m. of the orbit?
CN III
CN IV
CN VI
LR6SO4AO3
Lateral Rectus- Abducent
Superior Oblique- Trochlear
All Others- Oculomotor
159
What does LR6SO4AO3 mean?
```
LR6
Lateral Rectus- Abducent
SO4
Superior Oblique- Trochlear
AO3
All Others- Oculomotor
```
160
What orbital nerves travel through the Superior Orbital Fissure to supply the Lacrimal Gland and Eyelids?
Ophthalmic (CN V1)- Frontal, Nasociliary and Lacrimal
161
Ciliary Ganglion belongs to what nerve?
Oculomotor (CN III)
162
Ciliary Ganglion is associated with what nerve?
Trigeminal (CN IV)
163
What makes up the Ciliary Ganglion?
Small group of postsynaptic parasympathetic nerve cell bodies
164
Where is the Ciliary Ganglion located?
Btw Optic Nerve and Lateral Rectus
165
What is the most important function of the Ciliary Ganglion?
Parasympathetic neurons to change from pre to post
166
What 3 nerves enter the Ciliary Ganglion?
1. Sensory Fibers from the Trigeminal (CN V1)
2. Presynaptic Parasympathetic fibers from the Oculomotor (CN III)
3. Postsynaptic Sympathetic Fibers from the Internal Carotid Plexus
167
How do the Sensory fibers of the Trigeminal Nerve get to the Ciliary Ganglion?
Communicating branch of the Nasociliary Nerve
AKA Sensory Root
AKA Nasociliary Root of Ciliary Ganglion
168
How do the Presynaptic Parasympathetic Fibers get to the Ciliary Ganglion?
Oculomotor Root of Ciliary Ganglion
| AKA Parasympathetic Root
169
How do the Postsynaptic Sympathetic FIbers get to the Ciliary Ganglion?
Sympathetic Root of the Ciliary Ganglion
| come from a sympathetic ganglion in neck
170
What are the 4 nerves sent out of the Ciliary Ganglion?
1. Short Ciliary Nerves
2. Parasympathetic Fibers
3. Sympathetic Fibers
4. Sensory Fibers
171
Where do the Short Ciliary Nerves go to?
Iris
Ciliary Body
Cornea
172
Where do the Parasympathetic Fibers that exit the Ciliary Ganglion go to?
Spincter Pupillae
Ciliary Muscle
Makes pupil small
Makes Lens thick
173
Where do the Sympathetic FIbers that exit the Ciliary Body go to?
Dilator Pupillae
Makes pupil large
174
Where do the Sensory Fibers that exit the Ciliary Ganglion go to?
Cornea to receive sensation
175
Where does Horner Syndrome come from?
Injury of the Cervical Sympathetic Trunk
176
What happens in Horner Syndrome?
Ipsilateral (same side) Sympathetic Function lost
No stimulating can be induced
Therefore, nerve died
If nerve is dead then m, organ, tissue will not work agian
177
What are the 4 Signs of Horner Syndrome?
1. Constriction of the pupil (miosis)
2. Drooping of the Superior Eyelid (ptosis)
3. Redness and Increased Temperature of the skin (visodilation)
4. Absence of sweating (anhydrosis)
178
Miosis means?
Constriction of the Pupil
179
Why would the pupil become constricted?
Sympathetic nerves stops working (it dilates) so work is finished by parasympatheic n.
Parasympathetic n controls the sphincter pupillae (makes pupil small).
Therefore, pupil becomes constricted
180
Why would the Superior Eyelid Droop?
Superior Tarsal m. (Mueller's Muscle) is paralyzed
This is b/c the sympathetic n that supplies the m. doesn't work
m. stops working, eyelid goes down
181
Ptosis means?
Drooping of the Superior Eyelid
182
Blood supply of the orbit is mainly from what artery?
Ophthalmic Artery- from Internal Carotid Artery
and
Infraorbital Artery- from External Carotid Artery
183
How many branches does the Ophthalmic a. have?
He said 11 in class (don't worry about Dorsal Nasal)
| Notes have 12
184
What are the 12 Branches of the Ophthalmic?
1. Central a. of the Retina
2. Short Posterior Ciliary
3. Long Posterior Ciliary
4. Anterior Ciliary
5. Muscular Branches
6. Lacrimal
7. Supraorbital
8. Supratrochlear
9. Dorsal Nasal
10. Anterior Ethmoid*
11. Posterior Ethmoid*
12. Infraorbital
185
Central a. of the Retina
From Ophthalmic
Runs in Optic n until the Optic Disc
Divides into 4 ending branches
Provides nutrition to the internal layer of the Retina
186
Short Posterior Ciliary Arteries
6
Branch in Choroid
Send nutrition to external layer of Retina through extracellular fluids
(Notes p. 41 top)
187
Long Posterior Ciliary Arteries
2
| Supply Ciliary Body + Iris
188
Anterior Ciliary Arteries
Sent out by Muscular Branches (anastomosis with Long Posterior Ciliary a.)
189
What are the 2 veins of the Orbit?
1. Superior Ophthalmic Vein
| 2. Inferior Ophthalmic Vein
190
Where do the 2 Orbital veins pass through to enter the cranial cavity?
Superior Orbital Fissure
191
What do the 2 Orbital veins connect with inside the skull?
Cavernous Sinus
192
What do the 2 Orbital veins communicate with?
Pterygoid Venous Plexus
| Facial Vein
193
Scleral Venous Sinus (AKA Canal of Schlemm)
Very special to eye
Circular vein around the anterior chamber
*Through this sinus the Aqueous Humor returns to Blood Circulation
194
What is the Superior Border of the Parotid Region?
Zygomatic Arch
195
What is the Inferior Border of the Parotid Region?
Angle and Inferior border of Mandible
196
What is the Anterior Border of the Parotid Region?
Anterior border of Masseter m.
197
What is the Posterior Border of the Parotid Region?
External Ear
| Anterior Border of the SCM m.
198
What is the Medial Border of the Parotid Region?
Ramus of the Mandible
199
Which gland is the largest of the 3 Salivary glands?
Parotid Gland
200
What encloses the Parotid gland within a tough facial capsule?
Parotid Fascia
201
Where does the Parotid Fascia come from?
Investing layer of deep cervical Fascia
202
What shape is the Parotid Gland?
Triangular
203
What is the Parotid Gland wedged between?
Ramus of the Mandible
| Mastoid Process
204
What is the Parotid Gland divided into? What's inside?
Lobes
| Fat is inside
205
What exits the Anterior part of the Parotid Gland?
Parotid Duct
206
What is the route of the Parotid Duct?
From Anterior part of gland
goes forward to anterior border of the masseter
enters oral cavity
207
Where is the opening of the Parotid Duct?
Opposite to the 2nd Maxillary Molar Tooth
208
What are the 3 structures imbedded in the Parotid Gland?
1. Parotid Plexus of the Facial Nerve (CN VII)
2. Retromandibular Vein
3. External Carotid Artery
209
What 3 nerves innervate the Parotid Gland?
1. Greater Auricular Nerve
2. Auriculotemporal Nerve
3. Sympathetic Nerve
210
Where does the Great Auricular Nerve come from?
C2/C3 Cervical Plexus from Spinal nerve
211
Where does the Auriculotemporal Nerve in the Parotid Gland come from?
Nerve is sent out by Otic Ganglion as a Postsynaptic parasympathetic fiber
Presynaptic fibers from Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) send fibers to the Otic Ganglion
212
Where do the Sympathetic Nerves of the Parotid Gland come from?
External Carotid Nerve Plexus
213
What is the Superior Boundary of the Temporal Region?
Temporal Lines
214
What is the Inferior Boundary of the Temporal Region?
Infratemporal Crest
215
What is the Anterior Boundary of the Temporal Region?
Frontal and Zygomatic Bones
216
What is the Posterior Boundary of the Temporal Region?
Temporal Lines
217
What is the Floor of the Temporal Region?
```
Bones:
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid
```
Pterion is here*
218
In what Boundary of the Temporal Region is the Pterion found?
Floor
219
What is the Roof of the Temporal Region?
Temporal Fascia (covers Temporal m)
220
What is the Temporal Fascia?
Covers Temporal Muscle
Tough
Attaches superior temporal line and zygomatic arch
Has 2 layers to attach to medial and lateral side of the arch
221
Where is the infratemporal fossa located? Is it a regular or irregular space?
Irregular Space
Under the zygomatic arch
Deep to the ramus of the mandible
Posterior to Maxilla
222
What's the Superior Border of the Infratemporal Region?
Inferior Surface of the Greater Wing of the Sphenoid Bone
223
What is the Inferior Border of the Infratemporal Fossa?
Attachment place of the Medial Pterygoid Muscle
224
What is the Anterior Border of the Infratemporal Fossa?
Posterior Aspect of the Maxilla
225
What is the Posterior Border of the Infratemporal Fossa?
Tympanic Plate
Mastoid Process
Styloid Process
226
What is the Medial Border of the Infratemporal Fossa?
Lateral Plate of the Pterygoid Bone
227
What is the Lateral Border of the Infratemporal Fossa?
Ramus of the Mandible
228
What are the Contents of the Temporal Region?
Temporalis Muscle
229
What are the muscular contents of the Infratemporal Fossa? (3)
1. Inferior Part of Temporal Muscle
2. Lateral Pterygoid Muscle
3. Medial Pterygoid Muscle
230
What are the artery contents of the Infratemporal Fossa? (1)
Maxillary Artery
231
What are the venous contents of the Infratemporal Fossa? (1)
Pterygoid Venous Plexus
232
What is the nerve content of the Infratemporal Fossa? (6)
1. Mandibular Nerve
2. Inferior Alveolar Nerve
3. Buccal Nerve
4. Lingual Nerve
5. Chorda Tympani Nerve
6. Otic Ganglion
233
Where is the Maxillary Artery from?
Terminal Artery of the External Carotid Artery posterior to neck of mandible
234
What muscle divides the Maxillary Artery into 3 parts?
Lateral Pterygoid Muscle
| 2nd part lies on this muscle
235
How many branches come from the Maxillary Artery?
15
| 5:4:6 for part 1, 2, and 3
236
What are the 3 main branches of the Maxillary Artery?
1. Masseteric
2. Inferior Alveolar
3. Middle Meningeal
237
How does the Masseteric artery travel?
Through the Mandibular Notch
238
What does the Masseteric Artery Supply?
Temporomandibular Joint
| Masseter Muscle
239
How does the Inferior Alveolar Artery run?
Enters Mandibular Canal through Mandibular Foramen
240
What does the Inferior Alveolar Artery Supply?
Teeth and Mandibular Bone
241
How does the Middle Meningeal Artery Run?
Through a loop of the Auriculotemporal nerve
| Into Cranial cavity through Foramen Spinosum
242
What does the Middle Meningeal Artery Supply?
Dural Mater
Facial Nerve
Trigeminal Nerve
243
What Venous system supplies the Infratemporal Fossa?
Pterygoid Venous Plexus
244
Where is the Pterygoid Venous Plexus located?
Btw Temporal m and Pterygoid m
245
What does the Pterygoid Venous Plexus anastomose with?
Facial Vein through the Deep Facial Vein
| Cavernous Sinus through Emissary Veins
246
How does the Mandibular Nerve run?
Through the Foramen ovale and into the infratemporal fossa
247
What are the 5 branches of the Mandibular Nerve?
1. Auriculotemporal
2. Inferior Alveolar
3. Buccal
4. Lingual
5. Masseteric
248
What Nerve of the Infratemporal Fossa comes from the Facial Nerve?
Chorda Tympani Nerve
249
This nerve encircles the middle meningeal artery, then divides into several branches to supply the skin of the auricle and temporal scalp. It also contains Parasympathetic fibers to the Parotid Gland.
Auriculotemporal Nerve
250
This nerve goes into the mandibular canal through the mandibular foramen and supplies all mandibular teeth. It also exits the mental foramen to become the mental nerve and supplies the skin of the chin, mucous membrane of the lower lip and vestibular gingiva.
Inferior Alveolar Nerve
251
This nerve is a sensory nerve to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, floor of the mouth and the lingual gingiva. It travels before the inferior alveolar nerve
Lingual Nerve
252
What is the Chorda Tympani a branch of?
Facial Nerve
253
What does the Chorda Tympani join? Is it sensory or motor?
Joins Lingual Nerve-Sensory for taste
Submandibular ganglion-Motor to supply the Mandible and Sublingual Glands
254
Where is the Otic Ganglion located?
Infratemporal Fossa
| Deep to Mandibular Nerve
255
Is the Otic Gangion Parasympathetic or Sympathetic? What nerve does it send to the Parotid Gland?
Parasympathetic
| Auriculotemporal Nerve
256
What nerve supplies all muscles of mastication except the buccinators?
Masseteric Nerve
257
What type of joint is the TMJ?
Synovial Joint
258
What are the three components of the TMJ?
1. Joint Surface
2. Joint Capsule
3. Joint Cavity
259
What part of a joint is covered by articular cartilage?
Joint Surface
260
What part of a joint contains a small amount of lubricating synovial fluid that is secreted by the synovial membrane?
Joint Cavity
261
What part of a joint consists of a fibrous and synovial capsule?
Joint Capsule
262
What are the 3 components of the TMJ's Joint surface?
1. Condyle of the Mandible
2. Mandibular Fossa
3. Articular tubercle of the Temporal bone
263
What is the special cavity with a cartilage articular disc between the joint surfaces?
Joint Cavity
| separated by the disc into two cavities
264
What is the fibrous layer that attaches to the margins of the articular area on the temporal bone and around the neck of the mandible?
Joint Capsule= loose
265
What are the two membranes of the joint cavity called? What separates them?
Superior Synovial Membrane
Inferior Synovial Membrane
Articular Disk
266
What is the intrinsic ligament of the TMJ?
Temporomandibular Ligament
| AKA Lateral Ligament
267
Describe the Temporomandibular Ligament
Part of the Fibrous layer of capusle
| Increases strength of lateral part of TMJ
268
What are the 2 extrinsic ligaments of the TMJ?
1. Stylomandibular Ligament
| 2. Sphenomandibular Ligament
269
Describe the Stylomandibular Ligament
From fibrous capsule of the parotid gland
Runs from Styloid process to angle of the mandible
270
Describe the Sphenomandibular Ligament
From Spine of Sphenoid to Lingua of Mandible
Real Ligament
(Spine is under the Sphenoid bone)
271
What kind of joint is the TMJ?
Hinge joint
AKA Ginglymus Joint
Uniaxial Joint
Can only do Elevation and Depression- because of articular disc
272
This action opens the mouth
Depression
273
What occurs during depression and elevation?
Condyles on both sides move on same axis combining the two joints
Condyle and Disc DO NOT slide Anteriorly or Posteriorly
They stay in Mandibular Fossa
274
This action closes the mouth
Elevation
275
What action sends the mandible forward?
Protrusion
276
What do the condyles do during Protrusion?
Both condyles slide forward
Condyle and disc slide against mandibular fossa anteriorly in superior cavity
277
What actions sends the mandible backward?
Retrusion
278
What do the condyles do during retrusion?
Condyles of two sides slide backward
Condyle and disc slide against the mandibular fossa posteriorly in superior cavity
279
What kind of movement is grinding and chewing?
Lateral Movement
280
In what movement does one condyle stay in the mandibular fossa and one rotate while the other condyle and disc slide in the mandibular fossa?
Lateral Movement
281
What 4 actions are included in Lateral Movement?
Rotation
Sliding
Grinding
Chewing
282
Which movement of the TMJ is a "big depression action" in which we open our mouth very wide?
Combination Movement of Hinge and Grinding
283
What happens to the condyle in Combination Movement of Hinge and Grinding?
Condyle and disc move forward to under the articular tubercle
284
What happens to the condyle if we dislocate it anteriorly?
Condyle passes anterior to the anterior tubercle
285
What can cause a dislocation of the jaw?
Yawning
| Taking large bite
286
What is Jaw Locked Open?
Mandible remains wide open and the person cannot close the mouth
287
What are the 4 muscles of Mastication/TMJ movement?
1. Temporal m
2. Masseter m
3. Lateral Pterygoid m
4. Medial Pterygoid m
288
What three Muscles of Mastication mainly Elevate the Mandible?
Temporal M
Masseter M
Medial Pterygoid M
289
Which muscle of Mastication mainly Protrudes and Depresses the Mandible?
Lateral Pterygoid M
290
What are the 4 muscles of Mastication developed from?
Mesoderm of the Embryonic FIRST PHARYNGEAL ARCH (AKA Mandibular Arch)
291
What nerve innervates all 4 of the muscles of Mastication?
Motor Root of Mandibular Nerve (CN V3)
| This nerve innervates the arch from embryonic stage thru adulthood
292
What other 3 muscles aid in TMJ movement?
1. Suprahyoid
2. Infrahyoid
3. Playtisma
293
What are the 2 functions of the Oral Region?
1. Digestion
| 2. Speaking
294
What are the 4 steps of the digestion process in the Oral Cavity?
1. Taking in food
2. Minced by teeth
3. Chemically treated by saliva
4. Swallowed
295
Is swallowing an Automatic or Voluntary Process?
Automatic
Taking in food is voluntary
296
What is the Superior border of the lips?
Naris
297
What is the Lateral border of the lips?
Nasolabial Sulcus
298
What is the Inferior border of the lips?
Mentolabial Sulcus
299
What are the three layers of the lips?
1. Skin
2. Orbicularis Oris
3. Mucous Membrane
300
What color is the Transition zone? Why?
Red
| Capillaries under thin skin
301
What is the purpose of the Transition Zone?
Connect skin outside with the mucous membrane inside of the mouth
302
What is the fold of Mucous Membrane in the Midline of the Upper and Lower Lip called?
Labial Frenulum
303
What 4 Arteries form the ring around the lips?
1. Superior Labial a
2. Inferior Labial a
3. Infraorbital a
4. Mental a
304
Where are the Superior/Inferior Labial arteries from?
Facial Artery
305
What nerve supplies the upper lip?
Infraorbital Nerve (Maxillary of Trigeminal)
306
What nerve supplies the lower lip?
Mental Nerve (Mandibular of Trigeminal)
307
Where does the Lymph of the Lip region go?
Submental Lymph Nodes
308
The cheeks are equal to what region outside?
Buccal Region
309
What is the Anterior Border of the Cheek?
Oral and Mental Region
310
What is the Superior Border of the Cheek?
Zygomatic Region
311
What is the Posterior Border of the Cheek?
Parotid Region
312
What is the Inferior Border of the Cheek?
Border of the Mandible
313
What other two regions do people associate with the Cheek?
Zygomatic Region
| Parotid Region
314
What are the three layers of the Cheeks?
1. Skin
2. Muscle
3. Mucous Membrane
315
What 3 things are included in the Middle Layer of the Cheek?
Buccinator M
Buccal Gland
Buccal Fat-Pads
316
What does the Buccinator Muscle do?
Holds food btw the teeth
317
What Artery Supplies the Cheek?
Buccal Artery of Maxillary Artery
318
What Nerve supplies the Cheeks?
Buccal Nerve of Mandibular Nerve
319
What are the 2 parts of the Oral Cavity?
1. Vestibule
| 2. Oral Cavity Proper
320
Where is the vestibule of the Oral Cavity Located?
Outside of the teeth
| Btw lips/cheeks and teeth/gingiva when mouth is closed
321
What is the door for the Vestibule of the Oral Cavity?
Fissure= Mouth
322
What muscles control the size of an opened mouth?
Orbicularis Oris
Buccinators
Risorius
323
Where is the Oral Cavity Proper Located?
Btw Upper and Lower Dental Arches or arcades
| Dental arch=alveolar process of maxillary bone and mandibular bone plus teeth
324
What is the Roof of the Oral Cavity Proper?
Palate
325
What is the Floor of the Oral Cavity Proper?
Tongue
326
What are the Anterior and Lateral Walls of the Oral Cavity Proper?
Alveolar Processes of Teeth
327
What is the Posterior Part of the Oral Cavity Proper?
No wall but goes to another space= Oropharynx
328
What 2 parts can Gingiva be divided into?
1. Gingiva Proper
| 2. Gingiva Mucosa
329
What kind of Gingiva is easily moved and attached to soft tissue like fat and muscles?
Gingiva Mucosa= it's soft and shiny
330
What Gingiva is firmly attached to the alveolar process of the jaws and teeth?
Gingiva Proper
331
What two bones does the word Jaw combine?
Mandibular Bone
| Maxillary Bone
332
What color is Gingiva Proper? Why?
Pink
| Keratinizing= Keratin protein
333
What type of protein is hard and protects soft tissue?
Keratin Protein
334
What is the tissue around the teeth called?
Periodontium
335
What is the function of Periodontium?
Hold teeth to bone
336
Incisor
Used for cutting
337
Canine
Used for cutting
338
Premolar
Used for mince with 2 roots or cusps
339
Molar
Used for mince with 3+ cusps
340
3 Functions of Teeth?
1. Cutting food
2. Joining the development
3. Participating in articulation
341
What are teeth set in?
Tooth Socket
342
Where are the teeth sockets located?
Alveolar Processes of maxillary and mandibular bones
343
What are the 3 surfaces of the Tooth Socket?
1. Vestibular Surface (side)
2. Lingual Surface (side)
3. Occlusal Surface (top surface)
344
3 divisions of a tooth
1. Crown
2. Neck
3. Root
345
What part of a tooth is exposed?
Crown
346
What part of a tooth is in the socket?
Root held by Periodontium
347
3 Parts of the root of a tooth
1. Dentin
2. Cement
3. Enamel
348
What is the Pulp Cavity used for?
Holding Blood vessels, nerves and Connective Tissue
349
What part of the tooth is an Empty Cavity?
Pulp Cavity
350
What part of the tooth sends blood vessels and nerves in or out of the Pulp Cavity?
Root Canal
351
What is the Apical Foramen?
Tip of the Root of a tooth
352
What is the Structure btw the tips of the root and socket?
Dento-Alveolar Syndesmosis or Gomphosis
353
What is btw the Cement of the Root and the Periosteum of the Alveolar Bone?
Periodontium
354
Where are Tactiles and Pressoreceptor Nerve Endings located that accept pressure changes?
Periodontium
355
What Arteries and Veins supply the Teeth?
Superior & Inferior Alveolar a + v
356
Lymph of Teeth
Submandibular Lymph Nodes
357
What Plexus supplies the teeth?
Dental Plexus (sensory?)
358
What forms the Dental Plexus?
Superior Alveolar n from Maxillary n
| Inferior Alveolar n from Mandibular n
359
What are the teeth of young children?
Primary Teeth
| Deciduous Teeth
360
What are the teeth of adults?
Secondary Teeth
| Permanent Teeth
361
of Deciduous Teeth?
20
362
of Permanent Teeth?
32
363
Where do Permanent teeth sit before coming through?
Alveolar Arch
| AKA Tooth Buds
364
What is the floor of the Nasal Cavity?
Palate
365
What are the 2 parts of the Palate?
1. Hard Palate
| 2. Soft Palate
366
What is the Anterior 2/3 part of the Palate?
Hard palate
367
Hard Palate is formed by...
Palatine process of Maxillary bone and Horizontal Plates of Palatine Bone
368
What is posterior to the Incisive teeth?
Incisive Fossa
369
What is deep to the Incisive Fossa?
Incisive Canal
370
What passes thru the Incisive Canal to enter the mouth?
Nasopalatine Artery
371
What is Medial to the 3rd Molar teeth?
Greater Palatine a + n
| from Greater Palatine Foramen
372
Greater Palatine a + n Travel thru what Foramen?
Greater Foramen
373
What part of the palate is Posterior and has no bones?
Soft Palate
374
What Connective Tissue is located in the Soft Palate
Palatine Aponeurosis
375
What is the Conical Process of the Soft Palate?
Uvula
376
What part of the palate squeezes the bolus of food into the back of the mouth?
Soft Palate
377
What closes the Pharynx to prevent food from getting into the Nasal Cavity?
Soft Palate
378
What 2 arches are connected by the Soft Palate?
1. Palatoglossal Arch
| 2. Palatopharyngeal Arch
379
What does Fauces mean?
Narrow Space
380
What is the Space in the back of the Oral Cavity called? Between the Cavity and the Pharynx
Fauces
381
What are the 3 Boundaries of the Fauces?
1. Soft Palate
2. Root of the Tongue
3. Pillars of the Fauces
382
Where is the Tonsillar Sinus (Fossa) Located?
Btw Palatoglossal Arches and Palatopharyngeal arches/ tongue
383
Where is the Palatine Tonsil located? What is it?
Inside Tonsillar Sinus
| Mass of Lymph tissue
384
What is the surface of the Palate?
Mucosa
385
Where is the Palatine Gland located?
Under the Palate
386
How many Muscles are of the Soft Palate?
5
387
What are the 5 Muscles of the Soft Palate?
1. Tensor Veli Palatine
2. Levator Veli Palatine
3. Palatoglossus
4. Palatopharyngeus
5. Musculus Uvulae
388
Where do the Muscles of the Soft Palate Attach and Insert?
Attach at base of Cranium or Palate
| Insert in Soft Palate
389
What do the muscles of the soft palate do?
Elevate
| Depress
390
What are the artery and vein of the Palate?
Greater & Lesser Palatine a + v
391
What are the 2 sensory nerves of the Palate?
1. Greater Palatine Nerve
| 2. Lesser Palatine Nerve
392
What are the Greater and Lesser Palatine Nerves branches of?
Maxillary Nerve
393
How do the Greater/Lesser Palatine Nerves travel?
Thru Pterygopalatine ganglion thru the Greater/Lesser Palatine Foramen and to the Palate
394
What does the Greater Palatine Nerve Supply?
Gingiva
Mucosa
Glands
395
What does the Lesser Palatine Nerve supply?
Soft Palate
396
All muscles of soft palate except the Tensor Veli Palatine m are innervated by?
Pharyngeal Plexus of Vagus Nerve= MOTOR
397
Tensor Veli Palatine m is innervated by?
Medial Pterygoid n (branch of mandibular)
398
How many parts is the tongue divided into?
2
Root
Body
399
The root of the Tongue is what part?
Posterior 1/3
400
The Body of the Tongue is what part?
Anterior 2/3
401
What are the 3 surfaces of the tongue?
1. Apex
2. Dorsum
3. Inferior Surface
402
What part of the tongue rests on the floor of the Oral Cavity?
Root
403
What is the AKA of Root of Tongue?
Posterior third of the tongue
| Pharyngeal part
404
What part of the Tongue is easy to move?
Body
405
What is the AKA of the Body of the Tongue?
Anterior two third of the tongue
| Oral Part
406
What is the anterior tip of the Tongue?
Apex
407
What is the Superior Surface of the Tongue?
Dorsum
408
5 structures on Dorsum of Tongue
1. Terminal Sulcus
2. Foramen Cecum
3. Lingual Papillae
4. Midline Groove of the Tongue
5. Lingual Nodules (AKA Lymphoid Nodules/ Lingual Tonsil)
409
What is the Terminal Sulcus of the Tongue?
V-Shaped groove
410
What is the Foramen Cecum of the Tongue?
Small Pit
| Remnant of Proximal part of the Embryonic Thyroglossal duct
411
What is the Lingual Papillae of the Tongue?
Make the surface of the tongue rough
412
4 kinds of Lingual Papillae
1. Foliate
2. Vallate
3. Filiform
4. Fungiform
413
Vallate Papilla
```
Large
Top is Flat
Directly Anterior to Terminal Sulcus
Surrounded by Deep Trenches
Taste buds on wall
```
414
Foliate Papilla
Small Long Shape
| Two sides of tongue (Longitudinally)
415
Filiform Papilla
Dorsum of tongue
| Small
416
Fungiform Papilla
Btw Filiform Papilla
Look like Mushrooms
Deep red color
417
What 3 Lingual Papillae have taste receptors?
Vallate
Foliate
Most of Fungiform
418
Lingual Tonsil
Lots of Lingual Nodules
| No Papilla
419
Describe the Inferior Surface of Tongue
Covered by Mucous Membrane
| Transparent Mucosa= see veins
420
Sublingual Caruncle
Located on each side of the Frenulum of the Tongue
Opening for Submandibular Duct here
421
2 groups of muscles of the tongue
1. Extrinsic
| 2. Intrinsic
422
4 Extrinsic m of tongue
1. Genioglossus
2. Hyoglossus
3. Styloglossus
4. Palatoglossus
423
Genioglossus m
Anterior part depressing
| posterior part protruding
424
Hyoglossus m
Depresses
425
Styloglossus m
Retrudes
426
Palatoglossus m
Elevates Posterior part
427
Where do the Extrinsic m of tongue come from?
Outside of the tongue and attach to the tongue
428
What are the Extrinsic m of the tongue used for?
Changing Position of the tongue
429
4 Intrinsic m of tongue
1. Superior Longitudinal
2. Inferior Longitudinal
3. Transverse
4. Vertical
430
Superior Longitudinal m
Shortening
431
Inferior Longitudinal m
Shortening
432
Transverse m
Narrowing
433
Vertical m
Flattening
434
What are Intrinsic m of tongue used for?
Changing shape of the tongue
| These muscles are all within the tongue/mouth do not come from outside
435
What are the 4 sensory n of the tongue?
V
VII
IX
X
436
Innervates all m of tongue except Palatoglossus m
```
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Motor
```
437
Pharyngeal Plexus of Vagus Nerve innervates which m of the tongue?
Palatoglossus m
438
2 sensations of the tongue
General
| Special
439
General Sensation
Touch
Temperature
On mucosa
440
Special Sensation
```
Taste on Papillae of Mucosa
Sweet
Sour
Salty
Bitter
```
441
Sweetness
Apex
442
Saltiness
Lateral margins
443
Sourness/Bitterness
Posterior Part of tongue
444
Controls General Sensation
| Innervates Anterior 2/3 of mucosa of tongue
Lingual Nerve of CN V
445
Controls Special Sensation
| Innervates Anter 2/3 of mucosa of tongue
Chorda Tympani Nerve of CN VII
446
Controls both General & Special Sensation
Posterior 1/3 of tongue
Vallate Palate
Lingual Branch of CN IX (Glossopharyngeal n)
447
Control General & Special Sensation
| Small area Anterior to Epiglottis of the Tongue
Internal Laryngeal Nerve of CN X
| Penetrate Larynx go to root of tongue
448
What 3 nerves have branches to the tongue for special sensation?
1. Facial
2. Glossopharyngeal
3. Vagus
449
Artery to Tongue
Lingual Artery
450
Supply Anterior Part of Tongue
Deep Lingual Arteries
451
Supply Posterior Part of Tongue
Dorsal Lingual Arteries
452
Where do veins of tongue go?
IJV directly or indirectly....
453
Lymph of Tongue
Submandibular Lymph Nodes
| Submental Lymph Nodes
454
3 Salivary Glands
1. Parotid
2. Sublingual
3. Submandibular
455
Where are smaller glands located?
Palate
Lips
Cheeks
Tongue
456
4 Functions of smaller glands
1. keep moist
2. lubricate food, make swallowing easy
3. digest the starch but not protein
4. mouth washing
457
Where is the Submandibular Gland Located?
Submandibular Triangle
458
How long is the Submandibular duct?
5 cm
459
This duct has openings on a small sublingual papilla, just beside the lingual frenulum
Submandibular Gland
460
What artery supplies the submandibular gland?
Submental Artery
Lingual n loops under duct
461
Located btw mandible and the genioglossus m
Sublingual Gland
462
Artery/ Nerve for Sublingual gland
Lingual a
| N= same as submandibular gland
463
Small Pyramidal- shape space
Pterygopalatine Fossa
464
This space is under the apex of the orbit and very deep
Pterygopalatine Fossa
465
Roof of Pterygopalatine Fossa
Greater wing and inferior orbital fissure
466
Floor of Pterygopalatine Fossa
Pyramidal process of the palatine bone and palatine foramina
467
Anterior Pterygopalatine Fossa
Maxilla
468
Posterior Pterygopalatine Fossa
Pterygoid Process of Sphenoid
469
Lateral Pterygopalatine Fossa
Pterygomaxially fissure
470
Medial Pterygopalatine Fossa
Perpendicular plate of the palatine bone
471
Lateral Communication of Pterygopalatine fossa
Infratemporal Fossa by Pterygomaxiallary fissure
472
Medial Communication of Pterygopalatine fossa
Nasal cavity by Sphenopalatine foramen
473
Anterosuperior Communication of Pterygopalatine fossa
Orbit by inferior orbital fissure
474
Posterosuperior communication of Pterygopalatine fossa
Middle Cranial Fossa by Foramen Rotundum and Pterygoid canal
475
Inferior Communication of Pterygopalatine Fossa
Oral cavity by palatine canal, greater/lesser palatine foramen
476
3 contents of Pterygopalatine fossa
1. terminal part of maxillary artery
2. maxillary nerve
3. pterygopalatine ganglion
477
What's the roof of the Pterygopalatine fossa?
Greater wing and inferior orbital fissure
478
What's the floor of the Pterygopalatine fossa?
Pyramidal process of the palatine bone
479
Anterior boundary of Pterygopalatine fossa?
Maxilla
480
Posterior Boundary of Pterygopalatine fossa?
Pterygoid process of the sphenoid
481
Lateral boundary of Pterygopalatine fossa?
Pterygomaxillary fissure
482
Medial Boundary of Pterygopalatine fossa?
Perpendicular plate of Palatine
483
What does the Pterygopalatine fossa communicate with laterally?
Infratemporal fossa by pterygomaxillary fissure
484
What does the Pterygopalatine fossa communicate with medially?
Nasal cavity by sphenopalatine
485
What does the Pterygopalatine fossa communicate with anterosuperiorly?
Orbit by inferior orbital fissure
486
What does the Pterygopalatine fossa communicate with posterosuperiorly?
middle cranial fossa by foramen rotundum and pterygoid canal
487
What does the Pterygopalatine fossa communicate with inferiorly?
oral cavity by palatine canal
488
Branches of the pterygopalatine part of the maxillary artery (6)?
1. Posterior superior alveolar a
2. infraorbital a
3. artery of pterygoid canal
4. pharyngeal a
5. descending palatine a
6. sphenopalatine
489
Where does the maxillary n enter the pterygopalatine fossa?
Foramen Rotundum
490
What does the Zygomatic n divide into?
1. Zygomaticofacial
| 2. Zygomaticotemporal
491
Pterygopalatine n suspend what structure?
Pterygopalatine ganglion
492
What nerve is the main trunk of the maxillary n?
Infraorbital n
493
Where does the greater petrosal nerve originate?
facial
494
What are the 4 functions of the nose?
1. Part of respiratory tract
2. Moisturize and warm inspired air
3. Filtrate dust
4. Receive and eliminate the secretions from the paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct
495
What are the 5 parts of the external nose?
1. Dorsum
2. Root
3. Apex
4. Nares (nostrils)
5. Alae (wings)
496
What are the bones of the external nose?
Nasal
Frontal process of the maxilla
Nasal part of the frontal bone
497
What are the 3 cartilages of the external nose?
1. Septal
2. Alar
3. lateral
498
What kind of gland is in the skin of the nose?
Sebaceous
499
What are the bones of the nasal septum called?
Vomer
| Perpendicular plate of the Ethmoid
500
What is the Anterior boundary of the Nasal Cavity?
Nares
501
What is the Posterior Boundary of the Nasal Cavity?
Chonchae
| Nasopharynx
502
What is the Roof of the Nasal Cavity?
Nasal
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid Bones
503
What is the Floor of the Nasal Cavity?
Palatine process of maxilla
| Horizontal plates of palatine bone
504
What is the medial boundary of the nasal cavity?
Nasal septum
505
What is the lateral boundary of the nasal cavity?
Nasal Chonchae
