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First Quarter > Spinal Anatomy > Flashcards

Spinal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Osteology

A

study of the bones/skeleton

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2
Q

Vertebral column in Adult humans

A

24 vertebrae with a sacrum and coccyx, other bones associated with it are the occipital, temporal bones of skull, 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum

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3
Q

Vertebral column functions

A

flexible central column, supports head/viscera, suspends upper extremities, body shape, transfers weight, stabilizes body, absorbs forces

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4
Q

Regions of Vert. Column

A

Cervical - 7 vertebrae, Thoracic - 12 vertebrae, Lumbar - 5 vertebrae, Sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae, Coccyx - 5 fused vertebrae

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5
Q

Curves of the spine

A

Lordotic - concavity faces posterior
Kyphotic - concavity faces anteriorly, has primary (present at birth) and secondary curves (develop after birth due to musculature and lifting head, sitting walking)

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6
Q

Scoliotic Curve

A

lateral curve in the coronal plane. Names for the side of the convexity (hump) looking from a posterior view

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7
Q

Names of some abnormal curves

A

lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis, straight or military

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8
Q

Functions of the curve

A

compensate for upright posture of a human, helps absorb forces placed on vert. column, compensate for assymetrical structure and function

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9
Q

Features of Typical Vertebrae

A

body, vertebral arch containing 2 pedicles, 2 laminae, 7 processes, vertebral foramen, vertebral notches creating the intervertebral canal, pars interarticularis

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10
Q

Zygapophyseal joint

A

articulation of the Superior Articular facet and the Inferior Articular facet on the SAP and IAP

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11
Q

Occiput

A

foramen magnum - the spinal cord to brain transition, meninges - dura mater anchored to margin of foramen, vertebral arteries (paired), continuous inferiorly to vertebral canal, external occipital proturberance, jugular and paramastoid proces, mastoid process

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12
Q

3 Part of the Occiput

A

Basilar, Condylar and Scuamous

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13
Q

Occipital Condyles

A

lateral to foramen, have articular facets on inferior part for C1 and the tubercles on the medial suface for the alar ligament

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14
Q

Nuchal Lines

A

on squamous external suface, superior nuchal lines is the insertion of traps, Sternoclavicleomastoid and splenius capitis muscles, inferior nuchal lines is rectus capitis posterior major and minor and obliquus capitis superior, median nuchal line, median nuchal line

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15
Q

Cervical Vertebrae 2 funtional groups

A

suboccipital (C1 - C2) - providing rotation and flexion and extension of neck, inferior (C3-C7) - allowing for flexion/ext and lateral flex/ext.

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16
Q

Typical Cervical vertebrae

A

(C3-C6), small flattened body, joint of Luschka - uncinate process and semi-lunar facet, short bifid S.P., articular pillar with IAP and SAP, facet of SAP faces Sup. Post. and Medial., facet of IAP faces Inf. Ant. and Lat., TP are short bifid with an Ant. tubercle - costal, and a Post. tubercle, these create a groove for the spinal nerves, transverse foramen transmit vertebral artery, IVF faces slight ant., slight inf and later.

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17
Q

IVF Border of typical Cervical

A

IVD, adjacent vert. bodies, joint of Luschka, adjacent pedicles and zygapophyseal joint

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18
Q

Atypical Cervical Vertebrae

A

Atlas, Axis and C7

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19
Q

Atlas

A

no body present, ant. and post. arch instead, no spinous process, lare lateral masses where IAP and SAP extend from, widest vertebral neck, anterior arch has ant. tubercle exterior side and fovea dentalis on interal side, post arch has post. tubercle and sulcus for vertebral artery, SA facets are large, elongated and concave, larget vert. foramen

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20
Q

Axis

A

has odontoid process = dens instead of body, allows for atlas to rotate around on axis, ant. facet of dens articulates with the fovea dentalis, post facet articulates with transverse ligament (cruciate ligament), SA facet is large and face sup., IA facet is oblique like typical cerv. vert., strongest and thickest cervical vertebrae, no uncinate processes but has semi-lunar facet, most deeply bifid SP of spine

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21
Q

C7

A

transitional vertebrae, SP is long and sloping but not bifid, has one large tubercle on it, vertebral prominens - most easily palpated SP, joint of Luschka exits sup. but not inf. vestigal or absent ant. tubercle, IA facet are like thoracic region facing coronally.

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22
Q

Occipitalization

A

C1 has partially or completely fused to C0

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23
Q

Atlanto-Occipital ponticulum

A

narrow bridge or column bone that connects the atlas to the occiput

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24
Q

Carotid tubercle

A

Ant. tubercle of TP on C6, longest of cervical spine and common carotid artery

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25
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A

Typical (T2-T9), Atypical (T1, T10-T12)

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26
Q

Typical Thoracic Vertebrae

A

(T2-T9) has body, heart shaped and is thicker dorsally creating kyphotic curve in spine at the region, sup. and inf. costovertebral demi-facets articulate with head of ribs, small circular vert. foramen, SAP extends from pedicle and IAP from the laminae, SA facet is post. in coronal and IA facet is ant. in coronal, TP large and sloped and has costotransverse facets, IVF oriented laterally, inf. notch > sup. notch, rib head is just ant to notch

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27
Q

IVF Border of the Thoracic Vertebrae

A

sup. and inf. vert. notches, adjacent vert. bodies, IVD, zygapophyseal joint, rid head, demi-facets, adjacent pedicles

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28
Q

Atypical

A

T1 - mostly resembles T segment, body resembles C vert., has a full costovertebral facet (for 1st rib) and a demi-facet, contributes to vertebral prominens
T10- demi-facets for 10th ribs superior but none for 11th
T11- large body and lumbar like, not heart shaped, complete CV facet for 11th rib, no costotransverse facet, SP is short and rectangular
T12- same as T11 except IA facet faces laterally like lumbar, TP has 3 processes - Mamillay, Accesory Mamillary, and Lateral

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29
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

Typical (L1-L4) and Atypical (L5)

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30
Q

Typical Lumber Vertebrae

A

largest moveable segments, large body in shape of kidney, vert. foramen is intermediate & triangular shaped, SP stout and rectangular (common site of spina bifida), facets of AP are in sagittal orientation, mamiallry process and accessory mamillary process, TP is long and slondor and points horizontal, largest IVF with larger Inf. notch than Sup., lateral recess!

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31
Q

Atypical Lumbar Vertebrae

A

IA facets face anterior and lateral, body shortest and widest of all lumbars, small SP, common site for spondyloschisis, spondylolysis, spondylosynthesis

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32
Q

spondyloschisis

A

fissure, cleft or split of the SP also known as spina bifida

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33
Q

spondyloschisis

A

to dissolve or break apart at pars interarticularis

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34
Q

spondylolysis

A

splitting/displacement of vertebrae from it normal alignment

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35
Q

lumbarization

A

anomoly where the S1 if the sacrum does not fuse and remains another lumbar like vertebrae

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36
Q

sacralization

A

anomoly where L5 or C1 are fused to the sacrum usually seen by having another dorsal and ventral foramen in the sacrum

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37
Q

tropism

A

assymetry of facet planes within a segment

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38
Q

causa equina

A

after the spinal nerve ends at L1 or L2 it turns into a multiple of many spinal nerve wrapped into one

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39
Q

IVF Border of the Lumber Vertebrae

A

adjacent vert. bodies, IVD, pedicles, Vert. notches, Zygapophyseal joint and IAP and SAP

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40
Q

Sacrum descriptors

A

linked with pelvic girdle via sacro-iliac joint, 5 fused segments forming wedge-shaped structures, specialized for transfer of weight and body through pelvis, concave anteriorly, from roof of pelvic cavity

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41
Q

Sacrum Osteology

A

base, apex, sacral canal, sacral hiatus, sacral cornu, transverse lines, dorsal and ventral foramen, median intermediate and lateral sacral crests, pars lateralis, auricular surface, sacral tuberosity, SAP at base with facets facing post., promontory

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42
Q

Coccyx

A

3-5 fused vertebrae, apex, base, cornu

caudal vertebrae, no pedicles laminae vert. canal or SP TP AP IVF.

43
Q

Sternum

A

formed by 6 sternae segments, 3 parts in adult: manubrium, body and xiphoid process

44
Q

manubrium

A

jugular and suprasternal notch
articultes with clavicle, 1st costal sartilage, corpus sterni
manubriosternal joint which has an of setting angle in it posteriorly refered to as the angle of louis

45
Q

Body

A

four fused sterna
articulates with 2nd - 7th costal cartilage
xiphisternal joint

46
Q

Xiphoid Process

A

siwth sternae
ossifies in some, others cartilaginous throughout life
articulates with 7th rib
trauma and hepatic laceration

47
Q

Ribs

A

True Ribs, False ribs, Floating ribs

48
Q

Typical Ribs

A

R2-R10
head - vertebral end, sup. and inf. facets divided by interarticular crest, these facets articulate with demi-facets (rib Tn)
neck - short,
tubercle - is at junction of neck and shaft, articular facet to TP,
shaft - has costal angle, rounded superior edge and sharply angled inferiorly, costal groove
distal end articulate with costocartilage (costochondral articulation)
costocartilage joints articulate with the sternum to form a sternocostal joint

49
Q

Atypical Rib

A

1,11,12

50
Q

Supranumerary Ribs

A

adding of an extra rib to C7 of L1

51
Q

Classification of Joint Based on movement

A

Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, Diarthrosis

52
Q

Synarthrosis

A

these joints permit little, if any, movement

bony edges are very close together and may even interlock

53
Q

Amphairthrosis

A

joint that permits slight movement, bones are usually farther apart then they are at a synarthrosis

54
Q

Diarthrosis

A

these joints permit a wide range of motion, freely moveable

55
Q

Classifications of joint based on CT

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

56
Q

Cartilaginous

A

articulating surface connected with cartilage

57
Q

Fibrous

A

articulating surfaces are connected by fibrous CT

58
Q

Synovial

A

articulating surfaces covered by articular cartilage, surfaces are separated by a joint capsule or synovial cavity and held together by a fibrous joint capsule and extra-joint capsular ligaments

59
Q

Two Major joints of the Vertebrae

A

Cartilaginous Joints
Central Joint - Intervertebral Joint, jt. b/w the vertebral bodies and are unpaired, includes the IVD that is fibrous tissue, limited movement in relation to size of joint
Synovial
Zygapophyseal joint - b/w SAP and IAP of adjacent segments, joint complex includes a fibrous capsule lined by synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid, greater movement in relation to size, gliding movement

60
Q

Central Joint

A

-atypical or absent b/w occiput and C1, C1 and C2, sacral segments, and most coccygeal segments
-IVD usually described as a fibrocartilaginous complex that helps the central joint of the spine
-Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
-Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
-

61
Q

IVD

A
  • classified as ligament b/c it binds to adjacent vertebral bodies
  • 23 discs, 1/4 length of spine, largest in lumbar, thicker anteriorly in lumbar and cervical causing lordotic curve
  • 3 parts:anulus fibrosis, nuclues pulposus, vertebral end plates
  • IVD adheres to: peripheral small rim on upper and lower surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies, rib head in thoracic
  • functions of IVD: abrsorbs forces, contributes to lumbar and cervical curves, binds and limits motion, resists types of forces
  • innervation and blood supply: just the outer anulus pulpous supplied sparsely by branches of spinal arteries, the same part is innervated by 1. ventral rami of spinal nerve 2.sympathtic trunk
  • IVD is subject to degenerative changes and injury protrusion and herniation usually posterior lateral.
62
Q

Schmor’s Node

A

condition where nucleus pulposus is displaced or ruptures a vertebral end plate into adjacent vertebral body

63
Q

paresis

A

weakness of muscle; partial paralysis of muscle

64
Q

paralysis

A

total loss of control of a muscle

65
Q

paresthesia

A

abnormal sensations, tingling itching burning pins and needles.

66
Q

ALL

A

attaches to anterior surface of vertebral bodies and IVD’s from axis to sacrum
become wider as you descend
thickest in thoracic to help kyphotic curve
thicker adjacent to bodies than discs
layered adding strength and integrity
resists extension of back

67
Q

PLL

A

attaches to posterior surface of vertebral bodies and Ivd;s from axis to sacrum-positioned on post canal wall
wider cranially,thicker in cervical and lumbar regions to help lordotic curve
thickest along midline, thins laterally
layered for strength and integrity
resists flexion of spine

68
Q

Zygapophyseal Joints

A

synovial - gliding joint
articular surfaces are covered with 1mm thick of hyaline cartilage
joint capsule = articular capsular ligament
-thin and lax providing little resistance to movement, has extracapsular ligaments to control motion, synovial meniscoids
innervation by branches of dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves
contributes to posterior wall of I.V.F.

69
Q

Synovial Meniscoids

A

projections from the inner surface of the joint capsule into the joint space; folds include adipose tissue, vessels and nerve endings covered by synovial membrane

70
Q

Ligamentum Flavum

A

attaches laminae to adjacent vertebrae, extends from C2 to sacrum
thick, tough, yellow b/c of elastic fibbers, contributes to the medial part of Zy Jt.
helps form post wall of vertebral column
resists flexion and absorbs forces
helps posterior muscles maintain erect position

71
Q

Supraspinous LIgament

A

attaches tips of spinous processes extending from C7 to sacrum
above C7 it becomes the funicular part of nuchal ligament in neck
resists flexion of spine

72
Q

Interspinous LIgament

A 
between spinous processes
resists flexion (poorly developed except for lumbar)
73
Q

Intertransverse Ligament

A

b/w TP’s

resists lateral flexion and rotation

74
Q

Nuchal Ligament

A

two part fibrous septum in posterior neck
-funicular part; post part attaches from SP of C7 to EOP
-lamellar part:anterior part SP of cervical to median nuchal line
provides support to head/neck and serves as muscle attachment
innervated mainly by dorsal rami C2-4, for proprioception and pain, may be implicated in cephalgia

75
Q

Uncostovertebral Joint

A

b/w uncinate processes and semi-lunar facet, often described as a synovial joint bounded by articular capsule
limits lateral flexion and rotation

76
Q

Atlanto-occipital Articulation

A

diarthrosis; convex occipital condyles articulate with concave superior facets of atlas
mainly hinge like flexion and extension
Ligaments that attach: articular capsule, anterior A-O ligament, posterior A-O ligament, lateral A-O ligament, posterior and lateral ponticulum

77
Q

Anterior Atlanto-Occipital Ligament

A

b/w anterior arch of C1 and anterior margin of foramen magnum

78
Q

Posterior Atlanto-Occipital Ligament

A

homologue to ligamentum flavum b/w posterior arch of atlas and posterior border of foramen magnum

79
Q

Lateral Atlanto-Occipital Ligament

A

strengthens articular capsule laterally, attaches lateral mass of the atlas to the paramastoid process of jugular process of occiput

80
Q

Posterior Ponticulum

A

ossification of posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

81
Q

Lateral Ponticulum

A

ossification of lateral atlanto-occipital membrane

82
Q

Atlanto-Axial Articulation

A

complex of three joints: two gliding IAPs of C1 and SAPs of C2, these joints are sometimes called the lateral atlanto-occipital joints, the articular facets are large, oval and closest to the horizontal plane
median atlantoaxial joint, pivot trochoid b/w odotoid process and the fovea dental is
Mainly pivot motion but also some lateral flexion and flex/ext
Ligaments: articular capsule, anterior atlato-axial ligament, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, transverse ligament and accessory ligament

83
Q

Anterior Atlanto-axial Ligament

A

b/w body of axis and the anterior arch of atlas, homologue to ALL

84
Q

Posterior Atlanto-axial LIgament

A

b/w the posterior arch of atlas and laminae of axis, provide spring like resistance to flexion

85
Q

Accessory ligament

A

attached lateral mass of atlas to posterior body of the axis; inside the vertebral canal deep to techtorial membrane; limits lateral flexion and excessive rotation b/w atlas and axis

86
Q

Occipito-Axial Complex

A

Not a direct articulation
Involves ligament; unites atlas, axis and occiput into a coplex
Tectorial membrane, crusiform ligament, alar ligament, apical ligament (apical dental)

87
Q

Tectorial Membrane

A

continuation of posterior longitudinal ligament; attaches to posterior body of axis and the anterior border of foramen magnum where it also blends with cranial dura mater
strengthens the cruciate/crusiform ligament and medial part of the atlanto-axial and atlantoccipital joint capsules

88
Q

Crusiform Ligament

A

deep to techtorial membrane
holds dens against posterior facet of anterior arch of atlas yet permits rotation
2 parts: longitudinal part- superior band (ant border to FM) and an inferior band (post part to C2 body)
transverse part- attaches the L and R lateral masses of atlas, articulates with post. facet on the dens

89
Q

Alar Ligament

A

attach dens to the medial aspect of each occipital condyles

limit amount of rotation b/w head and axis

90
Q

Apical Ligament

A

attaches dens to anterior border of FM

small rudiment of an IVD.

91
Q

Suboccipital Nerve

A

C1 spinal nerve that innervates the suboccipital muscles

92
Q

Greater Occipital Nerve

A

branch of C2 spinal nerve that has cutaneous distribution to back of head

93
Q

5 Joints that effect the Thoracic Spine

A

central joint - IVD’s, thin and small
zygapophaseal joint -synovial, in coronal plane
costovertebral joint - gliding synovial joint b/w rib head and demi facets
costotransverse joint - gliding synovial joint b/w rib tubercle facet and CT facet
costochondral joint and sternocostal joint - both are synchondrosis cartilagenous joints

94
Q

Ligaments of Costovertebral Joint

A

costovertebral capsular ligament
interosseous costovertebral ligament
radiate costovertebral ligament

95
Q

Ligaments of Costotransverse Joint

A

costotransverse articular capsule
interosseous costotransverse ligament
lateral costotransverse ligament
superior costotransverse ligament

96
Q

Articulations of Lumbar Spine

A 
Zygapophaseal Joint - sagittal plane
Ligaments with the lumbar spine
Intervertebral Discs
Iliolumbar ligaments
Ligaments binding L5 to sacrum
Transforaminal Ligaments
97
Q

Ligaments of the Lumbar spine

A

ligamentum flavum, supraspinous, interspinous, intertransverse, anterior longitudinal, porterior longitudinal, articular capsular ligaments,

98
Q

IVD of Lumbar Spine

A

are kidney shaped, large and think and designed for a greater weight carrying capacity

99
Q

Iliolumbar ligament

A

two bands:
superior that goes from TP of L4 to iliac crest
inferior the goes from TP of L5 to iliac crest
provides support to L4 and L5 during flex-ext and lateral flexion

100
Q

Ligaments binding L5 to sacrum

A

anterior longitudinal ligament
posterior longitudinal ligament
lumbosacral capsular ligament
supraspinous and interspinous ligaments that extends from L5 to Smedian creat
ligamentuum flavum
lumbosacral ligament - from L5 TP to sacral ala
IVD of L5

101
Q

Transforaminal Ligaments

A

think CT that traverse the area of the IVD, variable in size, attachments and level of appearance

102
Q

Sacroiliac Joint

A 
b/w articular surfaces of ilium and sacrum
Sacral Articular surface
-on lateral surface of S1-S3 segments
-lined by hyaline cartilage
-groove fits with ridge of ilium
Ilium Articular Surface
-ridge, guides sacroiliac motion
-lined by fibrocartilage
S.I. joint now well developed at birth, become synovial and can become fibrous
common sites of injury and pain
103
Q

Ligaments of the sacroiliac joint

A

Sacroiliac articular capsule
posterior articular ligament - strong and extensive, long and short parts, orevents sacrum from falling
anterior sacroiliac ligament - thin, much less significant, blends with the articular capsule
interosseous sacroiliac ligament - short, very strong, attaches sacral and ilial turberosities
Has 2 accessory ligaments:
sacroturberous ligament - strong, long and short parts, attaches to ischial tuberosity
sacrospinous ligament - short, strong, and attaches to ischial spine

First Quarter (26 decks)

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