Gross Anatomy Exam 1 Flashcards
Anatomical Planes
Medial, Sagittal, Frontal (Coronal), Transverse
Medial Plane
vertical plane passing longitudinally through body, divides body into equal left and right parts
Sagittal Plane
Vertical planes passing through body parallel to median plane, divides into unequal left and right parts
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Vertical planes passing through body at right angles to median plane, divides body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse Plane
horizontal plane passing thorough body at right angle to median and frontal, divide body into inferior and superior parts
Integumentary Systems consists of?
Epidermis, Dermis, Superficial fascia (Subcutaneous fascia, hypodermis)
Epidermis
keratine epithelium, tough outer protective layer, avascular
contains a few nerve terminals
Superficial Fascia
b/w dermis and deep fascia, loose CT and stored fat (is most of body’s fat storage)
contains sweat glands and superficial blood & lymphatic vessels and cutaneous nerves.
Types of Fascias
Superficial fascia and Deep
Dermis
collagen and elastic fibers, dense layer providing tone and toughness, arteries from deep surface
contains nerve terminals for pain pressure and temp, hair follicles and sebaceous glands
Functions of Integumentary system
Protection, containment, heat regulation, sensation, synthesis and storage of vitamin D
Deep Fascia
dense organized CT w out fat, surround muscles and neurovascular bundles, always passes bone w periosteum, limits outward expansion of contracting muscle helping to push blood out of veins as muscle compresses
Fascial compartments
located in limbs to contain groups of muscles with similar function and same nerve supply, separated by intermuscular septa, can contain or direct spread of infection/tumors
Retinacula
thickening of deep fascia near joints and it holds tendons in place during flex/ext
Bursae
closed sacs of serous membrane capable of secreting lubricating fluid, it is normally collapsed (potential space) and it can communicate with the synovial joints, when filled with fluid they become realized space.
Types of Bursae
Subcutaneous, Subfascial, Subtendonous, Synovial tendon sheaths
Subcutaneous
occurs b/w skin and bony prominence
Subfascial
lie beneath deep fascia
Subtendonous
facilitate movement of tendons over bone
Synovial tendon sheaths
specialized bursae that wrap tendons and enclose them as they pass through osseofibrous tunnels.
eg. carpal tunnel
Collapsed bursal sacs ad Viscera
double layer of membrane that surround important organs, has the parietal “outer” layer in contact with body wall and visceral “inner” layer in contact with organ
3 types of sacs are: pericardial - heart, pleural - lungs, and peritoneal - abdominal viscera
Skeletal Systems two function parts
Axial: Skull, Hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae, ribs sternum vertebrae and sacrum
Appendicular: pectoral girdle, upper extremity, pelvic girdle, lower extremity
Cartilage
CT that forms skeleton requiring flexibility, avascular, articular cartilage that cover joining bone surfaces to provide smooth low friction gliding movements
Bone
Functions: support, protection, mechanical basis of movement, salts (Ca 2+), supply new blood cells
living hard CT that makes up most of skeleton,
Periosteum
fibrous CT covering that interfaces attachment of tendons and ligaments to bone
Perichondrium
covers cartilage
Types of Bone
Compact and spongy
Compact bone
thin layer surrounding spongy, found where there is more weight bearing
Spongy
central compartment of bone except where replaced by medullary cavity
Medullary Cavity
large, numerous space within bone, contains tubercle, contains yellow fatty to red blood and platelet forming bone marrow
Classifications of bone
Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid
Long bones
tubular
Short bones
cuboidal and are found in ankle and wrist
Falt bones
serve protective functions, bones of skull
Irregular bones
have shapes others than long, short or flat. bones of face
Sesamoid bones
develop in tendons, protect that tendon from wear, change angle of tendons as they pass attachments
Bone Marking, what are the marks on bones
where tendons, ligaments and fascia are attached
where arteries lie adjacent to or enter the bone
where there is a passage of a tendon
Bone parts
Diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal line, epiphyseal plate
Diaphysis
Shaft of the bone
Epiphysis
ends of the bone
Epiphyseal line
where the Dia meets the Epi
Epiphyseal plate
lined formed in fusion of Dia and Epi
What is a joint
union, articulation or junction b/w 2 bones or rigid parts of skeleton
Classification of joints
Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial
Fibrous
united by fibrous tissue, movement at joint depends on how tough that tissue is.
Types: sutures, syndesmosis, dentoalveolar syndesmosis
Sutures
interlocking along a wavy lone or overlap
Syndesmosis
united with a sheet of fibrous tissue (ligament of fibrous membrane), partially moveable.
eg. interosseous membrane that joins radius and ulna
Dentoalveolar syndesmosis
b/w a peg-like process and socket articulation, mobility indicate pathological state, microscopic movements give info on bite or if a particel is stuck b/w teeth.
eg. root of tooth and alveolar process
Cartilaginous joints
united by hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage
Types; primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses)
secondary cartilagenous joints (symphyses)
Primary cartilaginous joint
permits slight bends at early life, usually temporary union, permit growth in length of bone, eventually calcify and fuse
Secondary cartilaginous joint
strong slightly moveable joints united by fibrocartilage, provide strength shock absorption and flexibility to vertebral column.
eg. IVD or pubis sypmphysis
Synovial Joints
most common joint, provides free movement, reinforced by accessory ligaments, may have articular discs or meniscus, united joint capsules that enclose cavity (outer fibrous layer lined by inner serous synovial membrane), joint cavity, articular cartilage covers articulating surfaces of bones.
Types: Plane, Hinge, Saddle, Condyloid, Ball and Socket, Pivot
Joint cavity
potential space that contains small amount of lubricating synovial fluid, may communicate with bursae, periosteum investing participating bones external to joint blends with fibrous capsule.
Plane
allow for gliding/sliding movements in plane articulating surface
ag. acromioclavicular joint
Hinge
allow for flex/ext only in sagittal plane around single transverse axis, reinforced by collateral ligaments
eg. elbow
Saddle
Allows for ADD/ABD as well as flex/ext around two axis at right angles to each other, can do circumduction in these two axis
eg. carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Condyloid
allows for flex/ext and ABDADD where movement in sagittal plane is freer, can also do circumduction
eg. metacarpophalangeal or radiocarpal joint
Ball and socket
allows for movement n multiple planes and axes along with rotation
eg. hip or shoulder
Pivot
allow for rotation around a central axis
eg. median atlantoaxial joint (C1 rotates around dens)
Vasculature of Joints
articular artery arise from vessels around joint, often anastomose to form networks, to ensure flow to joint in all position when one might be impinged, located in joint capsule.
articular veins are communicating veins that accompany arteries
Innervation of joints
Hiltons law,
Articular nerve from branches of nerves that supply muscles that cross and move joint, transmit sensory impulses that contribute to sense of proprioception, sensory never endings respond to twisting and stretching, synovial membrane is rather insensitive, fibrous layer of joint capsule and accessory ligaments have numerous pain fibers.
Hilton’s Law
states that nerves supplying a joint also supply muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their distal attachments
Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Striated Muscle, Cardiac Striated Muscle, Smooth Muscle
Skeletal striated muscle
voluntary somatic muscle, makes up most of gross skeleton, move and stabilize bones and other structures
Cardiac Muscle
involuntary visceral muscle, forms most of the walls of the heart and adjacent parts of the great vessels, pumps blood
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary visceral muscle, forms walls of most vessels and hollow organs, moves substances through using coordinated sequential contractions
Parts of the skeletal muscle
Head or bellies, Tendons, Aperneurosis
Head or belly of muscle
Red, fleshy, contractile portion of skeletal muscle
Tendon
white, non-contractile portions composed mainly of organized collagen that provides means of attachment
Aponeurosis
flat sheet formed by some tendons, anchor muscles to the skeleton and/or deep fascia, may also anchor to other aponeurosis
Naming skeletal muscles
named by where they are attached.
Size, Shape, Location, Action, Length
Size
gluteus maximus muscle
Shape
Trapezius muscle
Location
rectus abdominis
Action
Extensor digitorum
Length
extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis
Classification
Flat, Fusiform, Pennate Muscle, Quadrate, Circular, multiheaded
Flat
has parallel fibers often with aponeurosis
Fusiform
spindle shaped with a round, thick belly and tapered end
Pennate muscle
Unipennate- fibers on one side of tendon
Bipennate - fibers on both sides of tendon
multipennate - radiating fibers that converge on a central tendon
Quadrate
have four equal sides
Circular
surround body of orifice, constricting it when contracted
Multiheaded
have more than one head of attachment or more than one contractile belly
Attachments of muscles
Origin - proximal attachment usually remains fixed when muscle is contracted
Insertion - distal attachment and moves towards origin.
Contraction of muscles
Reflexive contraction, Tonic contraction, Phasic contraction
Reflexive contraction
autonomic aspect of certain skeletal muscle activity
Tonic contraction
slight contraction present in muscles even when relaxed, creates muscle tone
Phasic Contraction
Isometric - contracted but not moving muscle
Isotonic - concentric and eccentric
Muscle tone
does not produce active movement or active resistance, give muscles a certain firmness to stabilize joints, keep muscles ready to respond, not on when in deep sleep.
Function of Muscle
Prime mover, Fixator, Synergist, Antagonist
Actions of muscle (11)
Flex/extend, ADD/ABD, Circumduction, Rotation, Supination/pronation, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, Inversion/eversion, Protraction/Retraction, Elevation/Depression, Upward/Downward rotation, Radial/ulnar deviation
Skeletal muscles vasculature
blood supply is not as constant as never supply, usually supplied by multiple arteries
Skeletal muscles innervation
variation in nerve supply is rare, skeletal muscle is supplied by motor neurone, muscles of similar actions are contained in a common fascial compartment and share nerve
Nervous Tissue
Neurons, Neuroglia
Neurons
structure and units of nerves, do rapid communication, are connected by synapses
composed of: cell body, dendrites, axon.
two types of neurones: Multipolar motor neuron and pseudounipolar motor neurone.
Synapses
point of communication between neurons
dendrites
extension of cell body that carries impulses towards cell body
axon
extension of cell body that carry impulses away from cell body, covered in a myelin sheath to as insulation to increase transmission
multipolar motor neuron
two or more dendrites on a single axon, most common type of neuron, all motor neurons that control skeletal muscle and comprise the ANS
psudounipolar motor neuron
short, apparently single process extending from cell body, peripheral - connects impulses from receptor organ towards cell body, central - continues from cell body to CNS
Neuroglia
5X more than neurones, form major components of nervous tissue, act as support, insulation and nourishment
Nervous Structural Divisions
Central Nervous System- consists of brain and spinal cord, integrates and coordinates, carries out the higher mental functions
Peripheral Nervous System - everything that isn’t CNS, conducts impulses to or away from CNS, made up of 2 pathways SNS and ANS
PNS
Nerve Fiber, Nerve, Ganglion
Types of Nerves
Afferents (sensory) Fibers - convey neural impulses to CNS from sense organs, Efferent (motor) Fibers - convey neural impulses from CNS to effector organs
Cranial Nerves
identified by descriptive name, consists of all types of fibers.
Spinal Nerves
arise in bilateral pairs from specific spinal segment, 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Parts of Spinal Nerve
rootlets, nerve root, Ventral nerve root, Dorsal nerve root, dorsal root ganglion, mixed spinal nerve, dorsal primary rami, ventral primary rami, somatic nerve plexus, dermatome, cutaneous nerve
Rootlets
where the nerve initiates from spinal cord
Nerve root
rootlets converge to form 2 nerve roots
Ventral Nerve root
consistes of motor finer from cell bodies in anterior horn of spinal cord to effector organs located peripherally
Dorsal Nerve Root
consists of sensory fibbers from cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion that extend peripherally to sensory and centrally to dorsal horns of spinal cord
Dorsal Primary Rami
motor and sensory fibers, gives off medial and lateral cutaneus branches, supply synovial joints of vertebral column, deep mm. of back and overlying skin segments
Ventral primary Rami
motor and sensory nfibers, supplies anterior and lateral regions of trunk, upper and lower limbs, majority of VPR merge with one another to form the somatic nerve plexuses
Somatic Nerve Plexuses
Cervical - C1-4, Brachial - C5-T1, Lumbar - L1-4 and Sacral - L4-S4
Dermatome
unilateral area of skin innervated by sensory fibers of single spinal nerve, adjacent spinal nerves overlap almost completely, at least 2 nerves need to be interrupted to produce numbness
Cutaneous Never
carry sensory information from skin, motor innervation to glands and smooth muscles
Somatic and visceral Fibers
General sensory fibers (general somatic afferent), General Motor fibers (general somatic efferent), Visceral sensory fibers (general visceral afferrent), Visceral motor fibers (general visceral efferent)
General sensory fibers (general somatic afferent)
transmit sensation from body to CNS, skin - pain temp and pressure, joint - pain and proprioception
General Motor fibers (general somatic efferent),
transmit impulses to skeletal muscles
Visceral sensory fibers (general visceral afferrent),
transmit sensations from hollow organs or blood vessels to CNS, pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations
Visceral motor fibers (general visceral efferent)
transmit impulses to smooth muscles and glandular tissue
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
composed of somatic parts of CNS and PNS, sensory and motor innervation to all part of body except viscera, smooth muscles and glands, transmits pain, temp, pressure, and position, innervates only skeletal muscles
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
consists of motor fibbers, stimulate smooth muscle modified cardiac muscle and glandular cells, accompanied by visceral afferent fibers
is broken into two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic
Functions of Sympathetic
Heart - ^ HR and force contraction Bronchi - dilate Pupils - dilate Digestive Tract - Inhibits peristals/ decreases blood flow Skin Vessels - constrict Skeletal muscle vessels - dilate Sweat glands - ^ perspiration Ejaculation
Functions of Parasympathetic
Heart - decrease HR an force contraction Bronchi 0 constrict Pupils - constrict Digestive tract 0 ^ peristalsis/blood flow Skin Vessels - no effect Skeletal muscle vessels - no effect Sweat glands - no effect Erection
Visceral Sensation
afferent fibers hitch ride on ANS but are not part of ANS, integrated in CNS, provides info of internal environment, subconscious, can reach conscious level of pain
visceral reflex sensation - parasympathetic
visceral pain sensation - sympathetic
Sympathetis (Thoracolumbar) Division of ANS
cell bodies located in paired intermediolateral (IML) cell columns of spinal cord - T1-L2 or L3, cell bodies for postsynaptic neurons located in two places - paravertebral ganglia and prevertebral ganglia
presynaptic motor fibers exit ventral horn, to roots, and enter VPR and enter into the sympathetic trunk via white ramus communicants and leave trunk postsyanpse via grey ramus communicants
paravertebral gangli
grouping of neuron cells on each side of the vertebral column forming the sympathetic trunk
prevertebral (preaortic) ganglia
in plexus that surround origins of main branches of abdominal aorta
sympathetic trunk
presynaptic sympathetic fibers enter this trunk located on each side of vertebral column where it can do 1 of 4 things:
1. ascend to synapse in higher paravertebral ganglia, 2. descend to synapse in lower paravertebral ganglia, 3. Enter synapse immediately at that level, 4. pass through without synapsing via splachnic nerve and branch off at abdominalsplanchnic nerve
Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers
vasomotor, pilomotor, and sudomotor
Parasympathetic (Sacrocranial) Division of ANS
presynaptic cell bodies are located in 2 places: gray matter of brainstem - exits with cranial nerve III, VII, IX, X
gray matter of sacral segments of spinal cord S2-S4 - exit via ventral roots of spinal nerves of S2-S4 where pelvicsplanchnic nerve arises from, constitutes sacral outflow
much more limited distribution, synapse on or in wall of target organ
cranial outflow of parasympathetic provides
head, thoracic and majority of abdominal viscera
sacral outflow fo parasympathetic provides
supply to lower GI tract, and pelvic viscera
