Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

First Quarter > Gross Anatomy Exam 1 > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Planes

A

Medial, Sagittal, Frontal (Coronal), Transverse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Medial Plane

A

vertical plane passing longitudinally through body, divides body into equal left and right parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Vertical planes passing through body parallel to median plane, divides into unequal left and right parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A

Vertical planes passing through body at right angles to median plane, divides body into anterior and posterior parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Transverse Plane

A

horizontal plane passing thorough body at right angle to median and frontal, divide body into inferior and superior parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Integumentary Systems consists of?

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Superficial fascia (Subcutaneous fascia, hypodermis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Epidermis

A

keratine epithelium, tough outer protective layer, avascular

contains a few nerve terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Superficial Fascia

A

b/w dermis and deep fascia, loose CT and stored fat (is most of body’s fat storage)
contains sweat glands and superficial blood & lymphatic vessels and cutaneous nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Types of Fascias

A

Superficial fascia and Deep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dermis

A

collagen and elastic fibers, dense layer providing tone and toughness, arteries from deep surface
contains nerve terminals for pain pressure and temp, hair follicles and sebaceous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Functions of Integumentary system

A

Protection, containment, heat regulation, sensation, synthesis and storage of vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Deep Fascia

A

dense organized CT w out fat, surround muscles and neurovascular bundles, always passes bone w periosteum, limits outward expansion of contracting muscle helping to push blood out of veins as muscle compresses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Fascial compartments

A

located in limbs to contain groups of muscles with similar function and same nerve supply, separated by intermuscular septa, can contain or direct spread of infection/tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Retinacula

A

thickening of deep fascia near joints and it holds tendons in place during flex/ext

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bursae

A

closed sacs of serous membrane capable of secreting lubricating fluid, it is normally collapsed (potential space) and it can communicate with the synovial joints, when filled with fluid they become realized space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Types of Bursae

A

Subcutaneous, Subfascial, Subtendonous, Synovial tendon sheaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Subcutaneous

A

occurs b/w skin and bony prominence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Subfascial

A

lie beneath deep fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Subtendonous

A

facilitate movement of tendons over bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Synovial tendon sheaths

A

specialized bursae that wrap tendons and enclose them as they pass through osseofibrous tunnels.
eg. carpal tunnel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Collapsed bursal sacs ad Viscera

A

double layer of membrane that surround important organs, has the parietal “outer” layer in contact with body wall and visceral “inner” layer in contact with organ
3 types of sacs are: pericardial - heart, pleural - lungs, and peritoneal - abdominal viscera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Skeletal Systems two function parts

A

Axial: Skull, Hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae, ribs sternum vertebrae and sacrum
Appendicular: pectoral girdle, upper extremity, pelvic girdle, lower extremity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cartilage

A

CT that forms skeleton requiring flexibility, avascular, articular cartilage that cover joining bone surfaces to provide smooth low friction gliding movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bone

A

Functions: support, protection, mechanical basis of movement, salts (Ca 2+), supply new blood cells
living hard CT that makes up most of skeleton,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Periosteum

A

fibrous CT covering that interfaces attachment of tendons and ligaments to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Perichondrium

A

covers cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Types of Bone

A

Compact and spongy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Compact bone

A

thin layer surrounding spongy, found where there is more weight bearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Spongy

A

central compartment of bone except where replaced by medullary cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

large, numerous space within bone, contains tubercle, contains yellow fatty to red blood and platelet forming bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Classifications of bone

A

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Long bones

A

tubular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Short bones

A

cuboidal and are found in ankle and wrist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Falt bones

A

serve protective functions, bones of skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Irregular bones

A

have shapes others than long, short or flat. bones of face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

develop in tendons, protect that tendon from wear, change angle of tendons as they pass attachments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Bone Marking, what are the marks on bones

A

where tendons, ligaments and fascia are attached
where arteries lie adjacent to or enter the bone
where there is a passage of a tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Bone parts

A

Diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal line, epiphyseal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Epiphysis

A

ends of the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

where the Dia meets the Epi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

lined formed in fusion of Dia and Epi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is a joint

A

union, articulation or junction b/w 2 bones or rigid parts of skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Classification of joints

A

Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Fibrous

A

united by fibrous tissue, movement at joint depends on how tough that tissue is.
Types: sutures, syndesmosis, dentoalveolar syndesmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Sutures

A

interlocking along a wavy lone or overlap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Syndesmosis

A

united with a sheet of fibrous tissue (ligament of fibrous membrane), partially moveable.
eg. interosseous membrane that joins radius and ulna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Dentoalveolar syndesmosis

A

b/w a peg-like process and socket articulation, mobility indicate pathological state, microscopic movements give info on bite or if a particel is stuck b/w teeth.
eg. root of tooth and alveolar process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

united by hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage
Types; primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses)
secondary cartilagenous joints (symphyses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Primary cartilaginous joint

A

permits slight bends at early life, usually temporary union, permit growth in length of bone, eventually calcify and fuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Secondary cartilaginous joint

A

strong slightly moveable joints united by fibrocartilage, provide strength shock absorption and flexibility to vertebral column.
eg. IVD or pubis sypmphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Synovial Joints

A

most common joint, provides free movement, reinforced by accessory ligaments, may have articular discs or meniscus, united joint capsules that enclose cavity (outer fibrous layer lined by inner serous synovial membrane), joint cavity, articular cartilage covers articulating surfaces of bones.
Types: Plane, Hinge, Saddle, Condyloid, Ball and Socket, Pivot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Joint cavity

A

potential space that contains small amount of lubricating synovial fluid, may communicate with bursae, periosteum investing participating bones external to joint blends with fibrous capsule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Plane

A

allow for gliding/sliding movements in plane articulating surface
ag. acromioclavicular joint

55
Q

Hinge

A

allow for flex/ext only in sagittal plane around single transverse axis, reinforced by collateral ligaments
eg. elbow

56
Q

Saddle

A

Allows for ADD/ABD as well as flex/ext around two axis at right angles to each other, can do circumduction in these two axis
eg. carpometacarpal joint of thumb

57
Q

Condyloid

A

allows for flex/ext and ABDADD where movement in sagittal plane is freer, can also do circumduction
eg. metacarpophalangeal or radiocarpal joint

58
Q

Ball and socket

A

allows for movement n multiple planes and axes along with rotation
eg. hip or shoulder

59
Q

Pivot

A

allow for rotation around a central axis

eg. median atlantoaxial joint (C1 rotates around dens)

60
Q

Vasculature of Joints

A

articular artery arise from vessels around joint, often anastomose to form networks, to ensure flow to joint in all position when one might be impinged, located in joint capsule.
articular veins are communicating veins that accompany arteries

61
Q

Innervation of joints

A

Hiltons law,
Articular nerve from branches of nerves that supply muscles that cross and move joint, transmit sensory impulses that contribute to sense of proprioception, sensory never endings respond to twisting and stretching, synovial membrane is rather insensitive, fibrous layer of joint capsule and accessory ligaments have numerous pain fibers.

62
Q

Hilton’s Law

A

states that nerves supplying a joint also supply muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their distal attachments

63
Q

Types of Muscle Tissue

A

Skeletal Striated Muscle, Cardiac Striated Muscle, Smooth Muscle

64
Q

Skeletal striated muscle

A

voluntary somatic muscle, makes up most of gross skeleton, move and stabilize bones and other structures

65
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

involuntary visceral muscle, forms most of the walls of the heart and adjacent parts of the great vessels, pumps blood

66
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Involuntary visceral muscle, forms walls of most vessels and hollow organs, moves substances through using coordinated sequential contractions

67
Q

Parts of the skeletal muscle

A

Head or bellies, Tendons, Aperneurosis

68
Q

Head or belly of muscle

A

Red, fleshy, contractile portion of skeletal muscle

69
Q

Tendon

A

white, non-contractile portions composed mainly of organized collagen that provides means of attachment

70
Q

Aponeurosis

A

flat sheet formed by some tendons, anchor muscles to the skeleton and/or deep fascia, may also anchor to other aponeurosis

71
Q

Naming skeletal muscles

A

named by where they are attached.

Size, Shape, Location, Action, Length

72
Q

Size

A

gluteus maximus muscle

73
Q

Shape

A

Trapezius muscle

74
Q

Location

A

rectus abdominis

75
Q

Action

A

Extensor digitorum

76
Q

Length

A

extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis

77
Q

Classification

A

Flat, Fusiform, Pennate Muscle, Quadrate, Circular, multiheaded

78
Q

Flat

A

has parallel fibers often with aponeurosis

79
Q

Fusiform

A

spindle shaped with a round, thick belly and tapered end

80
Q

Pennate muscle

A

Unipennate- fibers on one side of tendon
Bipennate - fibers on both sides of tendon
multipennate - radiating fibers that converge on a central tendon

81
Q

Quadrate

A

have four equal sides

82
Q

Circular

A

surround body of orifice, constricting it when contracted

83
Q

Multiheaded

A

have more than one head of attachment or more than one contractile belly

84
Q

Attachments of muscles

A

Origin - proximal attachment usually remains fixed when muscle is contracted
Insertion - distal attachment and moves towards origin.

85
Q

Contraction of muscles

A

Reflexive contraction, Tonic contraction, Phasic contraction

86
Q

Reflexive contraction

A

autonomic aspect of certain skeletal muscle activity

87
Q

Tonic contraction

A

slight contraction present in muscles even when relaxed, creates muscle tone

88
Q

Phasic Contraction

A

Isometric - contracted but not moving muscle

Isotonic - concentric and eccentric

89
Q

Muscle tone

A

does not produce active movement or active resistance, give muscles a certain firmness to stabilize joints, keep muscles ready to respond, not on when in deep sleep.

90
Q

Function of Muscle

A

Prime mover, Fixator, Synergist, Antagonist

91
Q

Actions of muscle (11)

A

Flex/extend, ADD/ABD, Circumduction, Rotation, Supination/pronation, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, Inversion/eversion, Protraction/Retraction, Elevation/Depression, Upward/Downward rotation, Radial/ulnar deviation

92
Q

Skeletal muscles vasculature

A

blood supply is not as constant as never supply, usually supplied by multiple arteries

93
Q

Skeletal muscles innervation

A

variation in nerve supply is rare, skeletal muscle is supplied by motor neurone, muscles of similar actions are contained in a common fascial compartment and share nerve

94
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Neurons, Neuroglia

95
Q

Neurons

A

structure and units of nerves, do rapid communication, are connected by synapses
composed of: cell body, dendrites, axon.
two types of neurones: Multipolar motor neuron and pseudounipolar motor neurone.

96
Q

Synapses

A

point of communication between neurons

97
Q

dendrites

A

extension of cell body that carries impulses towards cell body

98
Q

axon

A

extension of cell body that carry impulses away from cell body, covered in a myelin sheath to as insulation to increase transmission

99
Q

multipolar motor neuron

A

two or more dendrites on a single axon, most common type of neuron, all motor neurons that control skeletal muscle and comprise the ANS

100
Q

psudounipolar motor neuron

A

short, apparently single process extending from cell body, peripheral - connects impulses from receptor organ towards cell body, central - continues from cell body to CNS

101
Q

Neuroglia

A

5X more than neurones, form major components of nervous tissue, act as support, insulation and nourishment

102
Q

Nervous Structural Divisions

A

Central Nervous System- consists of brain and spinal cord, integrates and coordinates, carries out the higher mental functions
Peripheral Nervous System - everything that isn’t CNS, conducts impulses to or away from CNS, made up of 2 pathways SNS and ANS

103
Q

PNS

A

Nerve Fiber, Nerve, Ganglion

104
Q

Types of Nerves

A

Afferents (sensory) Fibers - convey neural impulses to CNS from sense organs, Efferent (motor) Fibers - convey neural impulses from CNS to effector organs

105
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

identified by descriptive name, consists of all types of fibers.

106
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

arise in bilateral pairs from specific spinal segment, 31 pairs of spinal nerves

107
Q

Parts of Spinal Nerve

A

rootlets, nerve root, Ventral nerve root, Dorsal nerve root, dorsal root ganglion, mixed spinal nerve, dorsal primary rami, ventral primary rami, somatic nerve plexus, dermatome, cutaneous nerve

108
Q

Rootlets

A

where the nerve initiates from spinal cord

109
Q

Nerve root

A

rootlets converge to form 2 nerve roots

110
Q

Ventral Nerve root

A

consistes of motor finer from cell bodies in anterior horn of spinal cord to effector organs located peripherally

111
Q

Dorsal Nerve Root

A

consists of sensory fibbers from cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion that extend peripherally to sensory and centrally to dorsal horns of spinal cord

112
Q

Dorsal Primary Rami

A

motor and sensory fibers, gives off medial and lateral cutaneus branches, supply synovial joints of vertebral column, deep mm. of back and overlying skin segments

113
Q

Ventral primary Rami

A

motor and sensory nfibers, supplies anterior and lateral regions of trunk, upper and lower limbs, majority of VPR merge with one another to form the somatic nerve plexuses

114
Q

Somatic Nerve Plexuses

A

Cervical - C1-4, Brachial - C5-T1, Lumbar - L1-4 and Sacral - L4-S4

115
Q

Dermatome

A

unilateral area of skin innervated by sensory fibers of single spinal nerve, adjacent spinal nerves overlap almost completely, at least 2 nerves need to be interrupted to produce numbness

116
Q

Cutaneous Never

A

carry sensory information from skin, motor innervation to glands and smooth muscles

117
Q

Somatic and visceral Fibers

A

General sensory fibers (general somatic afferent), General Motor fibers (general somatic efferent), Visceral sensory fibers (general visceral afferrent), Visceral motor fibers (general visceral efferent)

118
Q

General sensory fibers (general somatic afferent)

A

transmit sensation from body to CNS, skin - pain temp and pressure, joint - pain and proprioception

119
Q

General Motor fibers (general somatic efferent),

A

transmit impulses to skeletal muscles

120
Q

Visceral sensory fibers (general visceral afferrent),

A

transmit sensations from hollow organs or blood vessels to CNS, pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations

121
Q

Visceral motor fibers (general visceral efferent)

A

transmit impulses to smooth muscles and glandular tissue

122
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

composed of somatic parts of CNS and PNS, sensory and motor innervation to all part of body except viscera, smooth muscles and glands, transmits pain, temp, pressure, and position, innervates only skeletal muscles

123
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

consists of motor fibbers, stimulate smooth muscle modified cardiac muscle and glandular cells, accompanied by visceral afferent fibers
is broken into two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic

124
Q

Functions of Sympathetic

A 
Heart - ^ HR and force contraction
Bronchi - dilate
Pupils - dilate
Digestive Tract - Inhibits peristals/ decreases blood flow
Skin Vessels - constrict
Skeletal muscle vessels - dilate
Sweat glands - ^ perspiration
Ejaculation
125
Q

Functions of Parasympathetic

A 
Heart - decrease HR an force contraction
Bronchi 0 constrict
Pupils - constrict
Digestive tract 0 ^ peristalsis/blood flow
Skin Vessels - no effect
Skeletal muscle vessels - no effect
Sweat glands - no effect
Erection
126
Q

Visceral Sensation

A

afferent fibers hitch ride on ANS but are not part of ANS, integrated in CNS, provides info of internal environment, subconscious, can reach conscious level of pain
visceral reflex sensation - parasympathetic
visceral pain sensation - sympathetic

127
Q

Sympathetis (Thoracolumbar) Division of ANS

A

cell bodies located in paired intermediolateral (IML) cell columns of spinal cord - T1-L2 or L3, cell bodies for postsynaptic neurons located in two places - paravertebral ganglia and prevertebral ganglia
presynaptic motor fibers exit ventral horn, to roots, and enter VPR and enter into the sympathetic trunk via white ramus communicants and leave trunk postsyanpse via grey ramus communicants

128
Q

paravertebral gangli

A

grouping of neuron cells on each side of the vertebral column forming the sympathetic trunk

129
Q

prevertebral (preaortic) ganglia

A

in plexus that surround origins of main branches of abdominal aorta

130
Q

sympathetic trunk

A

presynaptic sympathetic fibers enter this trunk located on each side of vertebral column where it can do 1 of 4 things:
1. ascend to synapse in higher paravertebral ganglia, 2. descend to synapse in lower paravertebral ganglia, 3. Enter synapse immediately at that level, 4. pass through without synapsing via splachnic nerve and branch off at abdominalsplanchnic nerve

131
Q

Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers

A

vasomotor, pilomotor, and sudomotor

132
Q

Parasympathetic (Sacrocranial) Division of ANS

A

presynaptic cell bodies are located in 2 places: gray matter of brainstem - exits with cranial nerve III, VII, IX, X
gray matter of sacral segments of spinal cord S2-S4 - exit via ventral roots of spinal nerves of S2-S4 where pelvicsplanchnic nerve arises from, constitutes sacral outflow
much more limited distribution, synapse on or in wall of target organ

133
Q

cranial outflow of parasympathetic provides

A

head, thoracic and majority of abdominal viscera

134
Q

sacral outflow fo parasympathetic provides

A

supply to lower GI tract, and pelvic viscera

First Quarter (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions