Spinal Anat - Irene Gold Flashcards
who do you need to thank for making these cards?
Kyle Zabst A.T.C., B.S.
olfactory site of exit (soe)
cribriform plate, ethmoid
optic soe
optic canal; sphenoid
oculomotor soe
superior orbital fissure; sphenoid
trochlear soe
superior orbital fissure; sphenoid
trigeminal, opthalamic soe
superior orbital fissure; sphenoid
trigeminal, maxillary soe
foramen rotundum; sphenoid
trigeminal, mandibular soe
foramen ovale; sphenoid
facial soe
internal acoustic meatus then hiatus of facial canal
facial, greater petrosal soe
petrotympanic fissire
facial, chorda tympani soe
stylomastoid foramen
vestibulococochlear soe
internal acoustic meatus ( doesn’t leave skull)
glossopharyngeal soe
jugular foramen
vagus soe
jugular foramen
accessory soe
jugular foramen
hypoglossal soe
hypoglossal canal
oculomotor ganglia
pre= edinger-westphal; post= cillary
oculomotor function
ciliary muscle= accomidation of lens; sphincter of iris= pupillary constriction
facial ganglia
pre= superior salivatory; post= pterygopalatine and submandibular
facial function
ptyergopalatine= lacrimal, nasal and palatine; submandibular= submandibular and sublingual
glossopharyngeal ganglia
pre= inferior salivary; post= otic
glossopharyngeal function
otic= salivary
vagus ganglia
pre= Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus; post= intramural ganglia
vagus function
heart and lungs
what are the primary brain vessicles?
Rhombencephalon; mesencephalon, prosencephalon
what does the rhombencephalon turn into?
myelencephalon; metenchephalon
what does the prosencephalon turn into
diencephalon and telencephalon
what are the secondary brain vesicles?
myelencephalon, metecephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon, telencephalon
what does the myencephalong turn into
medulla oblongata
what does the metencephalon turn into?
pons and cerebellum
what does the mesencephalon turn into?
midbrain, (tectum and cerebral peduncles)
what does the diencephalon turn into
thalamus, epithalamus, olfactory system
cn from tel
CN I
cn from di
CN 2
CN from mes
CN 3 and 4
CN from met
CN 5,6,7,8
CN from myel
CN 9,10, 11, 12
what does the telencephalon turn into
cerebral hemispheres, olfactory system, corpus striatum, cortex, medullary center
function of anterior corticospinal tract
motor
fx anterolateral system (spinothalamic tract)
pain, temp contra lateral body
fx dorsolateral fasciculus/ lissauers
pain, temp contra lateral body
fx dorsal spinocerebellar tract
proprioception- ipsilateral lower body
fx fasciculus gracilis
lower body fine touch and proprioception of ipsil body
fx fasciculus cuneatus?
upper body fine touch and proprioception of ipsil body
fx lateral corticospinal tract
voluntary motor
fx vestibulospinal tract
motor
fx medial longitudinal fasiculus
motor
fx medullary and pontine reticulospinal tracts
motor
fx rubrospinal tracts
motor
fx substanstia gelantinosa
lamina II- inhibition neurons
fx lower motor neurons of lamina IX
innervate skeletal msl
lateral horn= intermediolateral nucleus fx?
preganglionic sympathetic neurons
dorsal nucleus of clarke fx?
proprioception that become dorsal spinalcerebellar tract
medial lemniscus of medulla fx?
secondary fibers of fine touch and proprioception pathway of contralateral body
pyramids of medulla fx?
descending motor fibers- corticospinal tract
spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract in medulla fx?
pain and temp of IPSIL face
hypoglossal nucleus in medulla fx?
tongue muscles
dorsal motor nuc of X of medulla fx?
preganglionic sympathetic neurons of X
fx of middle cerebellar peduncle?
pontocerebellar fibers
central tegmental tract of pons fx?
ascending reticular activating system
Chief sensory neurons of V in pons fx?
fine touch from ipsil face
fx of cerebral crus of midbrain?
descending fibers from cerebral hemispheres
fx of superior colliculus of midbrain?
reflex center- responds to visual and auditory inputs
fx of substantia nigra?
basal ganglia- motor- assoc c parkinsons
fx of red nucleus pf midbrain?
motor
fx of medial and lateral geniculate bodies?
medial= auditory; lateral visual
edinger-westphal nucleus of midbrain fx?
preganglionic parasymp of III n
fornix of diencephalon fx?
major tract of limbic system- processing for memory
where does the fornix come from?
the hippocampus
posterior limb internal capsule of diencephalon fx?
major sensory/motor pathway going to cerebral cortex
fx of putamen of diencephalon
motor
fx of globus pallidus of diencephalon
motor
fx of caudate nuc of diencephalon
motor
what makes up the basal ganglia?
pallidus, globus pallidus and caudate nuc
how does CSF circulate?
lat vent; foramen monroe; 3rd vent; aqueduct of sylvius; 4th vent; pontine cistern OR central canal of spinal cord
what is the septum pallucidium
separates left and right lateral vents
what are the ventricles lined with?
ependymal cells
what makes up the choroid plexus?
vascularized Ependymal cells
what is the Falx cerebri
cresent shaped and an extension of the dura mater
what runs along the superior part of the falx cerebri?
sagittal sinus
where is the limbic system found
border of the temporal lobe
what is the function of the limbic system
memory and emotions
what makes up the circle of willis
Posterior Cerebral, Post Communicating, Internal Carotid, Ant Cerebral, Ant Communicating
what are the unpaired venous sinuses of Dura Mater?
Sup Sagittal, Inf. Sagittal, Great Cerebral Vein, straight sinus and occipital
where do all of the unpaired sinuses meet?
at the confluences of the sinuses
what drains into the straight sinus?
inf sagittal and great cerebral vein
what drains into the confluence of the sinuses?
sup sagittal, occipital and straight
where does the confluence of the sinuses drain to?
the transverse sinus
what sinuses drain into the Jugular vein?
inf and sup petrosals, sigmoid sinus, and transverse sinus
which jugular vein drains the brain?
Internal Jugular Vein drains the brain
what lobe houses the precentral gyrus?
Frontal
what cells are found in the 4th layer of the precentral gyrus?
Betz cells
what is the function of the precentral gyrus?
voluntary motor
where does the corticospinal tract originate from?
precentral gyrus
what lobe houses the postcentral gyrus
parietal
what is the function of the postcentral gyrus?
primary somatosensory area
what fibers do the postcentral gyrus receive?
fibers from the thalamus
what lobe houses the prefrontal area?
Frontal
what is the function of the prefrontal gyrus?
social interaction
where is brocas area found?
left inferior frontal gyrus
what is the function of Brocas area
motor for speech
what is the function of the transverse temporal gyrus?
hearing
what substance harms Wernikes area?
alcohol
what is the function of wernikes area?
comprehension of speech
where is the angular gyrus found?
parietal
where is the uncus found
temporal lobe
what is the function of the uncus?
smell
where is the calcarine sulcus found?
occipital
what is the function of the calcarine sulcus
vision
what is the overall function of the cerebellum?
coordination of movement
what are the 4 nuclei of the cerebellum?
fastigial, Globus, Embelliform, Dentate
what is the largest nucleus of the cerebellum?
the dentate
pneumonic for cerebellar nuclei?
Fat, Girls, Eat Donuts
the pons houses the nuclei for what crainial nerves?
V,VI,VII,VIII
The medulla houses the nuclei for what crainial nerves?
IX,X,XI,XII
what is the function of the Inf Olivary Nucleus
climbing fibers to the cerebellum
what is the function of the pyramids?
decussation of the corticospinal tract
function of the basal ganglia?
background muscle tone
what makes up the basal ganglia?
lentiform nucleus, caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, and subthalamus
what makes up the lentiform nucleus?
putamen and globus pallidus
what is the way that the anterior pituitary communicates with the CNS?
the blood
what is the way that the posterior pituitary communicates with the CNS?
neural connection
function of astrocytes?
for repair and blood brain barrier
function of oligodendrocytes?
Form myelin sheaths around CNS
fx of schwann cells?
form myelin sheaths around PNS
fx of microglial cells?
engulf foreign and dead particles
fx of Ependymal cells?
line the ventricles
what are the sensory fibers for pain?
nociceptors- free nerve endings
what are the sensory fibers for temperature?
Krause= cold; Ruffini= Hot
what are the sensory fibers for touch?
merkels; meissners; Pacinian; Peritrichial nerve endings
what are the sensory fibers for proprioception?
Muslce spindles; GTOs
what is the leptomeninx
pia and arachnoid
what is the pachymeninx?
dura
main function of the posterior horn?
sensory
main function of the anterior horn?
motor
fibers for alpha motor neurons
extrafusal
fibers for gamma motor neurons
intrafusal
what are renshaw fibers and where are they located?
inhibitory cells that are close to motor cells
function of the lateral horn?
sympathetic division and only exsists from T1-L2
function of the medial lemniscal system?
proprioception
what is the pathway of the lemniscal system?
DRG of either the gracilis or cuneatus
function of the fasciculus gracilis?
vibration
function of the fasciculus cuneatus
2 point discrimination
function of the posterior spinocerebellar tract?
unconcious proprioception to the cerebellum from the lower limb
function of anterior spinocerebellar tract?
stretch from spindle cells of lower limb
function of spinaltectal?
tactile stimulation causing visual reflexes
def of tectile?
hearing and vision
fx of medial lemniscus?
proprioception, disc touch, vibration
fx of pyrmidal tracts
voluntary motor
fx of lateral corticospinal tracts
voluntary motor
ant. Corticospinal tracts
voluntary motor of fine movements of the hand
fx of rubrospinal
facilitates flexors and inhibits extensor movement coordination
fx of reticulospinal
control of respiration and heartbeat; facilitate muscles, inhibit antagonists- Involuntary
fx of vestibulospinal
posture and balance. Head and eye coordination. Extension of erector spinae, involuntary
tx of tectospinal
postural reflexes to sight and sound
what is the upper motor neuron lesion?
involves any central neuron conveying impulses to the anterior horn. A lesion from the brain down to the anterior horn cell, but does not include the ant horn cell
what s the lower motor neuron lesion
involves the anterior horn cell, the ant. Roots of the peripheral nerve. A lesion from the ant. Horn cell to the periphery
what do you see with UMNLs?
spastic paralysis, increased muscle tone, hyperreflexia, pathological reflexes present
what do you see with LMNLs?
flaccid paralysis, decreased muscle tone, hyporeflexia, and absent pathological reflexes
what nerves carry parasympathetics?
CN 3,7,8,9,10 and S 2,3,4
do blood vessels have parasympathetic innervation?
NO
What is the ganglia of tbe lesser splanchnic n?
superior mesenteric
what is the ganglia of the greater splanchnic n?
celiac
what is the ganglia of the least splanchnic n?
superior mesenteric
Ganglia of lumbar splanchnic n
inf. Mesenteric
sympathetic function of CN3?
pupil and ciliary body constriction
sympathetic function of CN7?
tearing and salivation
sympathetic function of CN9?
salivaton
sympathetic function of CN10?
vagus and its ramifications
what are the neurotrasmitters used by the preganglionics of the sympathetic NS?
cholinergic=acetylcholine
what are the neurotrasmitters used by the postganglionic sympathetic fibers?
adrenergic= epi and norepi
what neurotransmitters does the parasympathetic NS use?
for both pre and postganglionic is cholinergic
what is the order of the bones of the middle ear?
maleus, Incus, stapes (Cant MIS the order)
what makes up the bony labyrinth of the inner ear?
vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea
what is w/in the vestibul?
utricle and saccule
what is w/in the semicircular canals?
swelling at one end called the ampulla
what is the modiolus?
the central pillar of the cochlea
what separates the two canals of the cochlea?
basilar membrane
what are the canals of the cochlea?
scala vestibuli and scala tympani
what are the canals of the cochlea filled with?
endolymph
what is specificly for static equilibrium?
sacule and utricle
what is specificly for dynamic equilibrium?
semicircular canals
what are the “hair cells” of the ear?
sterocilia and kinocillium and they are in the macula and extend through an otolithic membrane
fx of otolithic membrane?
slides w/ movement and stimulates the hair which are connected to CN VIII
what are the orientation of the semicircular canals?
ant and post= vertical; lateral= horizontal
what is the ampulla? And what is contained in the ampulla?
dilated portion of each duct. Contains crista
what is the crista?
hair cells covered with gel called cupula
where is the organ of corti located?
cochlea
does the sense of smell pass through the thalamus?
NO instead it goes through the Olfactory Bulb (which is mitral cells)
does the sense of smell pass through the limbic system?
YES, it creates memories
what opens to the superior nasal meatus?
posterior ethmoidal air cells]
what opens to the middle nasal meatus?
maxillary sinus and frontal
what opens to the inferior nasal meatus?
Nasolacrimal duct
what part of the brain perceives smell?
uncus
what is the olfactory bulb an extension of?
telencephalon
what are the functional cells of smell?
MITRAL and tufted cells
where does visual information travel after the optic chiasm?
the optic tract
where does visual information travel after the optic tract?
the lateral geniculate body
what centers of the brain receives the visual info?
calcarine sulcus of occipital lobe AND superior colliculus for visual motor functions
is the sclera continuation of the conjunctiva?
yes
what are the borders of the anterior chamber of the eye?
cornea to iris (cia= Cornea, Iris, Anterior
what are the border of the posterior chamber of eye?
iris to lens
what are the borders of the vitreous chamber of the eye?
lens to retina
where is the ciliary body contained?
posterior chamber
what does the ciliary body make?
aqueous humor
what is the flow pattern of the aqueous humor?
post, ->ant -> out of the Canal of Schlemm to venous system
what happens if you have a blockage of the canal of schlemm?
glaucoma
what does the perineurium cover?
the fasciculus
what are the motor nerves of the cervical plexus?
C3,4,5
what are the sensory nerves of the cervical plexus?
“OATS” lesser Occipital; great Auricular, Transverse cervical nerve; Supraclavicular
motor for axillary n
teres MINOR, deltoid
motor for musculocutaneous?
coraco, biceps, brachialis
motor for median?
wrist flexors, pronators and thenar LOAF
motor for ulnar n?
hand interossei and lumbricals
motor for radial n?
forearm and wrist extensor and supinators
motor for long thoracic
serratus ant
motor for suprascap
supra and infra spinatus
motor for thoracodorsal?
lats
fx of ilioinguinal n?
sens to med thigh
fx of genitofemoral
cremasteric muscle and skin of scrotum/labia
fx of saphenous n?
sensory to medial leg
fx of femoral n?
pectineus, sartorius, psoas, iliacus, quads
fx of obturator n?
adductor longus, brevis, magnis, Gracilis, obtorator foramen
fx of sup glut?
glut med, min and TFL
fx of inf glut?
glut max
fx of sciatic?
hams
fx of common peroneal?
short head of biceps
fx of deep peroneal?
tibialis ant and toe ext
fx of sup peroneal?
peroneus longus and brevis
fx of tibial n?
calf muscles, hams, adductor mag
what are the bones of the eye?
zygomatic, frontal, lacrimal, ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid
def of bregma?
intersection of coronal and sagittal sutures
def of pterion?
intersection of frontal, spheniod, temporal and parietal
def of lambda?
intersection of lambdoid and sagittal sutures
does c7 have a bifid spinous>
no
where do you see the carotid tubericle?
c6
what are the atypical vertebrae?
C1,C2,C7,T1,T9-12,L5, Sacrum, coccyx
what is the weight bearing structure of C1?
lateral masses
what is inside of the suboccipital triangle?
vertebral artery and 1st cervical n
what muscles make up the suboccipital triangle
obliquus capitus sup., rectus capitus post major, obliquus capitis inferior
borders of the occipital triangle?
trap, SCM, omohyoid
borders of the carotid triangle?
madible, SCM, Omohyoid superior belly
borders of the omoclavicular triangle?
inf omohyoid, SCM, clavical
borders of lumbar triangle (petits)
exteral oblique(lat), lat dorsi(med), iliac crest(inf), internal oblique(floor)
how much of adult spine is the IVD
25%
what is the nucleus pulposis is the remnant of?
the notochord
where does the supraspinous ligment run?
C7 SP to S1
what is the supraspinous lig called above the C7?
Ligamentum Nuchae
what does the ligamentum flavum do for the zygapophaseal joint?
strengthens medial aspect of zygapophyseal joint
where does the tectoral membrane run?
from C2 to inion
what is the tectoral membrane a continuation of?
the PLL
function of Alar lig
attaches dens to foramen magnum
what isimportant about the post atlantooccipital membrane?
these ossify
what is the dentate lig?
extension of pia mater
what is the cremasteric muscle formed by?
aponeurosis of the internal abdominal oblique muscle
what is the inguinal ligament formed by?
aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
what is contained in the greater sciatic foramen?
superior and inf glut vessels; sup and inf glut n., internal pudental vessels, pudendal n, sciatic n, post femoral cut n, nerves to obturator internus and quadratus
contents of lesser sciatic foramen
tendon of obturator internus, nerve to obturator internus, internal pudendal vessels and pudendal n
