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Boards Part 1 Practice questions > Spinal Anat - Irene Gold > Flashcards

Spinal Anat - Irene Gold Flashcards

1
Q

who do you need to thank for making these cards?

A

Kyle Zabst A.T.C., B.S.

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2
Q

olfactory site of exit (soe)

A

cribriform plate, ethmoid

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3
Q

optic soe

A

optic canal; sphenoid

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4
Q

oculomotor soe

A

superior orbital fissure; sphenoid

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5
Q

trochlear soe

A

superior orbital fissure; sphenoid

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6
Q

trigeminal, opthalamic soe

A

superior orbital fissure; sphenoid

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7
Q

trigeminal, maxillary soe

A

foramen rotundum; sphenoid

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8
Q

trigeminal, mandibular soe

A

foramen ovale; sphenoid

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9
Q

facial soe

A

internal acoustic meatus then hiatus of facial canal

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10
Q

facial, greater petrosal soe

A

petrotympanic fissire

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11
Q

facial, chorda tympani soe

A

stylomastoid foramen

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12
Q

vestibulococochlear soe

A

internal acoustic meatus ( doesn’t leave skull)

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13
Q

glossopharyngeal soe

A

jugular foramen

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14
Q

vagus soe

A

jugular foramen

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15
Q

accessory soe

A

jugular foramen

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16
Q

hypoglossal soe

A

hypoglossal canal

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17
Q

oculomotor ganglia

A

pre= edinger-westphal; post= cillary

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18
Q

oculomotor function

A

ciliary muscle= accomidation of lens; sphincter of iris= pupillary constriction

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19
Q

facial ganglia

A

pre= superior salivatory; post= pterygopalatine and submandibular

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20
Q

facial function

A

ptyergopalatine= lacrimal, nasal and palatine; submandibular= submandibular and sublingual

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21
Q

glossopharyngeal ganglia

A

pre= inferior salivary; post= otic

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22
Q

glossopharyngeal function

A

otic= salivary

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23
Q

vagus ganglia

A

pre= Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus; post= intramural ganglia

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24
Q

vagus function

A

heart and lungs

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25
Q

what are the primary brain vessicles?

A

Rhombencephalon; mesencephalon, prosencephalon

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26
Q

what does the rhombencephalon turn into?

A

myelencephalon; metenchephalon

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27
Q

what does the prosencephalon turn into

A

diencephalon and telencephalon

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28
Q

what are the secondary brain vesicles?

A

myelencephalon, metecephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon, telencephalon

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29
Q

what does the myencephalong turn into

A

medulla oblongata

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30
Q

what does the metencephalon turn into?

A

pons and cerebellum

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31
Q

what does the mesencephalon turn into?

A

midbrain, (tectum and cerebral peduncles)

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32
Q

what does the diencephalon turn into

A

thalamus, epithalamus, olfactory system

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33
Q

cn from tel

A

CN I

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34
Q

cn from di

A

CN 2

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35
Q

CN from mes

A

CN 3 and 4

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36
Q

CN from met

A

CN 5,6,7,8

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37
Q

CN from myel

A

CN 9,10, 11, 12

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38
Q

what does the telencephalon turn into

A

cerebral hemispheres, olfactory system, corpus striatum, cortex, medullary center

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39
Q

function of anterior corticospinal tract

A

motor

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40
Q

fx anterolateral system (spinothalamic tract)

A

pain, temp contra lateral body

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41
Q

fx dorsolateral fasciculus/ lissauers

A

pain, temp contra lateral body

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42
Q

fx dorsal spinocerebellar tract

A

proprioception- ipsilateral lower body

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43
Q

fx fasciculus gracilis

A

lower body fine touch and proprioception of ipsil body

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44
Q

fx fasciculus cuneatus?

A

upper body fine touch and proprioception of ipsil body

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45
Q

fx lateral corticospinal tract

A

voluntary motor

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46
Q

fx vestibulospinal tract

A

motor

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47
Q

fx medial longitudinal fasiculus

A

motor

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48
Q

fx medullary and pontine reticulospinal tracts

A

motor

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49
Q

fx rubrospinal tracts

A

motor

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50
Q

fx substanstia gelantinosa

A

lamina II- inhibition neurons

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51
Q

fx lower motor neurons of lamina IX

A

innervate skeletal msl

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52
Q

lateral horn= intermediolateral nucleus fx?

A

preganglionic sympathetic neurons

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53
Q

dorsal nucleus of clarke fx?

A

proprioception that become dorsal spinalcerebellar tract

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54
Q

medial lemniscus of medulla fx?

A

secondary fibers of fine touch and proprioception pathway of contralateral body

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55
Q

pyramids of medulla fx?

A

descending motor fibers- corticospinal tract

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56
Q

spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract in medulla fx?

A

pain and temp of IPSIL face

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57
Q

hypoglossal nucleus in medulla fx?

A

tongue muscles

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58
Q

dorsal motor nuc of X of medulla fx?

A

preganglionic sympathetic neurons of X

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59
Q

fx of middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

pontocerebellar fibers

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60
Q

central tegmental tract of pons fx?

A

ascending reticular activating system

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61
Q

Chief sensory neurons of V in pons fx?

A

fine touch from ipsil face

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62
Q

fx of cerebral crus of midbrain?

A

descending fibers from cerebral hemispheres

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63
Q

fx of superior colliculus of midbrain?

A

reflex center- responds to visual and auditory inputs

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64
Q

fx of substantia nigra?

A

basal ganglia- motor- assoc c parkinsons

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65
Q

fx of red nucleus pf midbrain?

A

motor

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66
Q

fx of medial and lateral geniculate bodies?

A

medial= auditory; lateral visual

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67
Q

edinger-westphal nucleus of midbrain fx?

A

preganglionic parasymp of III n

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68
Q

fornix of diencephalon fx?

A

major tract of limbic system- processing for memory

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69
Q

where does the fornix come from?

A

the hippocampus

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70
Q

posterior limb internal capsule of diencephalon fx?

A

major sensory/motor pathway going to cerebral cortex

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71
Q

fx of putamen of diencephalon

A

motor

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72
Q

fx of globus pallidus of diencephalon

A

motor

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73
Q

fx of caudate nuc of diencephalon

A

motor

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74
Q

what makes up the basal ganglia?

A

pallidus, globus pallidus and caudate nuc

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75
Q

how does CSF circulate?

A

lat vent; foramen monroe; 3rd vent; aqueduct of sylvius; 4th vent; pontine cistern OR central canal of spinal cord

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76
Q

what is the septum pallucidium

A

separates left and right lateral vents

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77
Q

what are the ventricles lined with?

A

ependymal cells

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78
Q

what makes up the choroid plexus?

A

vascularized Ependymal cells

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79
Q

what is the Falx cerebri

A

cresent shaped and an extension of the dura mater

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80
Q

what runs along the superior part of the falx cerebri?

A

sagittal sinus

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81
Q

where is the limbic system found

A

border of the temporal lobe

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82
Q

what is the function of the limbic system

A

memory and emotions

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83
Q

what makes up the circle of willis

A

Posterior Cerebral, Post Communicating, Internal Carotid, Ant Cerebral, Ant Communicating

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84
Q

what are the unpaired venous sinuses of Dura Mater?

A

Sup Sagittal, Inf. Sagittal, Great Cerebral Vein, straight sinus and occipital

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85
Q

where do all of the unpaired sinuses meet?

A

at the confluences of the sinuses

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86
Q

what drains into the straight sinus?

A

inf sagittal and great cerebral vein

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87
Q

what drains into the confluence of the sinuses?

A

sup sagittal, occipital and straight

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88
Q

where does the confluence of the sinuses drain to?

A

the transverse sinus

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89
Q

what sinuses drain into the Jugular vein?

A

inf and sup petrosals, sigmoid sinus, and transverse sinus

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90
Q

which jugular vein drains the brain?

A

Internal Jugular Vein drains the brain

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91
Q

what lobe houses the precentral gyrus?

A

Frontal

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92
Q

what cells are found in the 4th layer of the precentral gyrus?

A

Betz cells

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93
Q

what is the function of the precentral gyrus?

A

voluntary motor

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94
Q

where does the corticospinal tract originate from?

A

precentral gyrus

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95
Q

what lobe houses the postcentral gyrus

A

parietal

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96
Q

what is the function of the postcentral gyrus?

A

primary somatosensory area

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97
Q

what fibers do the postcentral gyrus receive?

A

fibers from the thalamus

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98
Q

what lobe houses the prefrontal area?

A

Frontal

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99
Q

what is the function of the prefrontal gyrus?

A

social interaction

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100
Q

where is brocas area found?

A

left inferior frontal gyrus

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101
Q

what is the function of Brocas area

A

motor for speech

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102
Q

what is the function of the transverse temporal gyrus?

A

hearing

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103
Q

what substance harms Wernikes area?

A

alcohol

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104
Q

what is the function of wernikes area?

A

comprehension of speech

105
Q

where is the angular gyrus found?

A

parietal

106
Q

where is the uncus found

A

temporal lobe

107
Q

what is the function of the uncus?

A

smell

108
Q

where is the calcarine sulcus found?

A

occipital

109
Q

what is the function of the calcarine sulcus

A

vision

110
Q

what is the overall function of the cerebellum?

A

coordination of movement

111
Q

what are the 4 nuclei of the cerebellum?

A

fastigial, Globus, Embelliform, Dentate

112
Q

what is the largest nucleus of the cerebellum?

A

the dentate

113
Q

pneumonic for cerebellar nuclei?

A

Fat, Girls, Eat Donuts

114
Q

the pons houses the nuclei for what crainial nerves?

A

V,VI,VII,VIII

115
Q

The medulla houses the nuclei for what crainial nerves?

A

IX,X,XI,XII

116
Q

what is the function of the Inf Olivary Nucleus

A

climbing fibers to the cerebellum

117
Q

what is the function of the pyramids?

A

decussation of the corticospinal tract

118
Q

function of the basal ganglia?

A

background muscle tone

119
Q

what makes up the basal ganglia?

A

lentiform nucleus, caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, and subthalamus

120
Q

what makes up the lentiform nucleus?

A

putamen and globus pallidus

121
Q

what is the way that the anterior pituitary communicates with the CNS?

A

the blood

122
Q

what is the way that the posterior pituitary communicates with the CNS?

A

neural connection

123
Q

function of astrocytes?

A

for repair and blood brain barrier

124
Q

function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Form myelin sheaths around CNS

125
Q

fx of schwann cells?

A

form myelin sheaths around PNS

126
Q

fx of microglial cells?

A

engulf foreign and dead particles

127
Q

fx of Ependymal cells?

A

line the ventricles

128
Q

what are the sensory fibers for pain?

A

nociceptors- free nerve endings

129
Q

what are the sensory fibers for temperature?

A

Krause= cold; Ruffini= Hot

130
Q

what are the sensory fibers for touch?

A

merkels; meissners; Pacinian; Peritrichial nerve endings

131
Q

what are the sensory fibers for proprioception?

A

Muslce spindles; GTOs

132
Q

what is the leptomeninx

A

pia and arachnoid

133
Q

what is the pachymeninx?

A

dura

134
Q

main function of the posterior horn?

A

sensory

135
Q

main function of the anterior horn?

A

motor

136
Q

fibers for alpha motor neurons

A

extrafusal

137
Q

fibers for gamma motor neurons

A

intrafusal

138
Q

what are renshaw fibers and where are they located?

A

inhibitory cells that are close to motor cells

139
Q

function of the lateral horn?

A

sympathetic division and only exsists from T1-L2

140
Q

function of the medial lemniscal system?

A

proprioception

141
Q

what is the pathway of the lemniscal system?

A

DRG of either the gracilis or cuneatus

142
Q

function of the fasciculus gracilis?

A

vibration

143
Q

function of the fasciculus cuneatus

A

2 point discrimination

144
Q

function of the posterior spinocerebellar tract?

A

unconcious proprioception to the cerebellum from the lower limb

145
Q

function of anterior spinocerebellar tract?

A

stretch from spindle cells of lower limb

146
Q

function of spinaltectal?

A

tactile stimulation causing visual reflexes

147
Q

def of tectile?

A

hearing and vision

148
Q

fx of medial lemniscus?

A

proprioception, disc touch, vibration

149
Q

fx of pyrmidal tracts

A

voluntary motor

150
Q

fx of lateral corticospinal tracts

A

voluntary motor

151
Q

ant. Corticospinal tracts

A

voluntary motor of fine movements of the hand

152
Q

fx of rubrospinal

A

facilitates flexors and inhibits extensor movement coordination

153
Q

fx of reticulospinal

A

control of respiration and heartbeat; facilitate muscles, inhibit antagonists- Involuntary

154
Q

fx of vestibulospinal

A

posture and balance. Head and eye coordination. Extension of erector spinae, involuntary

155
Q

tx of tectospinal

A

postural reflexes to sight and sound

156
Q

what is the upper motor neuron lesion?

A

involves any central neuron conveying impulses to the anterior horn. A lesion from the brain down to the anterior horn cell, but does not include the ant horn cell

157
Q

what s the lower motor neuron lesion

A

involves the anterior horn cell, the ant. Roots of the peripheral nerve. A lesion from the ant. Horn cell to the periphery

158
Q

what do you see with UMNLs?

A

spastic paralysis, increased muscle tone, hyperreflexia, pathological reflexes present

159
Q

what do you see with LMNLs?

A

flaccid paralysis, decreased muscle tone, hyporeflexia, and absent pathological reflexes

160
Q

what nerves carry parasympathetics?

A

CN 3,7,8,9,10 and S 2,3,4

161
Q

do blood vessels have parasympathetic innervation?

A

NO

162
Q

What is the ganglia of tbe lesser splanchnic n?

A

superior mesenteric

163
Q

what is the ganglia of the greater splanchnic n?

A

celiac

164
Q

what is the ganglia of the least splanchnic n?

A

superior mesenteric

165
Q

Ganglia of lumbar splanchnic n

A

inf. Mesenteric

166
Q

sympathetic function of CN3?

A

pupil and ciliary body constriction

167
Q

sympathetic function of CN7?

A

tearing and salivation

168
Q

sympathetic function of CN9?

A

salivaton

169
Q

sympathetic function of CN10?

A

vagus and its ramifications

170
Q

what are the neurotrasmitters used by the preganglionics of the sympathetic NS?

A

cholinergic=acetylcholine

171
Q

what are the neurotrasmitters used by the postganglionic sympathetic fibers?

A

adrenergic= epi and norepi

172
Q

what neurotransmitters does the parasympathetic NS use?

A

for both pre and postganglionic is cholinergic

173
Q

what is the order of the bones of the middle ear?

A

maleus, Incus, stapes (Cant MIS the order)

174
Q

what makes up the bony labyrinth of the inner ear?

A

vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea

175
Q

what is w/in the vestibul?

A

utricle and saccule

176
Q

what is w/in the semicircular canals?

A

swelling at one end called the ampulla

177
Q

what is the modiolus?

A

the central pillar of the cochlea

178
Q

what separates the two canals of the cochlea?

A

basilar membrane

179
Q

what are the canals of the cochlea?

A

scala vestibuli and scala tympani

180
Q

what are the canals of the cochlea filled with?

A

endolymph

181
Q

what is specificly for static equilibrium?

A

sacule and utricle

182
Q

what is specificly for dynamic equilibrium?

A

semicircular canals

183
Q

what are the “hair cells” of the ear?

A

sterocilia and kinocillium and they are in the macula and extend through an otolithic membrane

184
Q

fx of otolithic membrane?

A

slides w/ movement and stimulates the hair which are connected to CN VIII

185
Q

what are the orientation of the semicircular canals?

A

ant and post= vertical; lateral= horizontal

186
Q

what is the ampulla? And what is contained in the ampulla?

A

dilated portion of each duct. Contains crista

187
Q

what is the crista?

A

hair cells covered with gel called cupula

188
Q

where is the organ of corti located?

A

cochlea

189
Q

does the sense of smell pass through the thalamus?

A

NO instead it goes through the Olfactory Bulb (which is mitral cells)

190
Q

does the sense of smell pass through the limbic system?

A

YES, it creates memories

191
Q

what opens to the superior nasal meatus?

A

posterior ethmoidal air cells]

192
Q

what opens to the middle nasal meatus?

A

maxillary sinus and frontal

193
Q

what opens to the inferior nasal meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

194
Q

what part of the brain perceives smell?

A

uncus

195
Q

what is the olfactory bulb an extension of?

A

telencephalon

196
Q

what are the functional cells of smell?

A

MITRAL and tufted cells

197
Q

where does visual information travel after the optic chiasm?

A

the optic tract

198
Q

where does visual information travel after the optic tract?

A

the lateral geniculate body

199
Q

what centers of the brain receives the visual info?

A

calcarine sulcus of occipital lobe AND superior colliculus for visual motor functions

200
Q

is the sclera continuation of the conjunctiva?

A

yes

201
Q

what are the borders of the anterior chamber of the eye?

A

cornea to iris (cia= Cornea, Iris, Anterior

202
Q

what are the border of the posterior chamber of eye?

A

iris to lens

203
Q

what are the borders of the vitreous chamber of the eye?

A

lens to retina

204
Q

where is the ciliary body contained?

A

posterior chamber

205
Q

what does the ciliary body make?

A

aqueous humor

206
Q

what is the flow pattern of the aqueous humor?

A

post, ->ant -> out of the Canal of Schlemm to venous system

207
Q

what happens if you have a blockage of the canal of schlemm?

A

glaucoma

208
Q

what does the perineurium cover?

A

the fasciculus

209
Q

what are the motor nerves of the cervical plexus?

A

C3,4,5

210
Q

what are the sensory nerves of the cervical plexus?

A

“OATS” lesser Occipital; great Auricular, Transverse cervical nerve; Supraclavicular

211
Q

motor for axillary n

A

teres MINOR, deltoid

212
Q

motor for musculocutaneous?

A

coraco, biceps, brachialis

213
Q

motor for median?

A

wrist flexors, pronators and thenar LOAF

214
Q

motor for ulnar n?

A

hand interossei and lumbricals

215
Q

motor for radial n?

A

forearm and wrist extensor and supinators

216
Q

motor for long thoracic

A

serratus ant

217
Q

motor for suprascap

A

supra and infra spinatus

218
Q

motor for thoracodorsal?

A

lats

219
Q

fx of ilioinguinal n?

A

sens to med thigh

220
Q

fx of genitofemoral

A

cremasteric muscle and skin of scrotum/labia

221
Q

fx of saphenous n?

A

sensory to medial leg

222
Q

fx of femoral n?

A

pectineus, sartorius, psoas, iliacus, quads

223
Q

fx of obturator n?

A

adductor longus, brevis, magnis, Gracilis, obtorator foramen

224
Q

fx of sup glut?

A

glut med, min and TFL

225
Q

fx of inf glut?

A

glut max

226
Q

fx of sciatic?

A

hams

227
Q

fx of common peroneal?

A

short head of biceps

228
Q

fx of deep peroneal?

A

tibialis ant and toe ext

229
Q

fx of sup peroneal?

A

peroneus longus and brevis

230
Q

fx of tibial n?

A

calf muscles, hams, adductor mag

231
Q

what are the bones of the eye?

A

zygomatic, frontal, lacrimal, ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid

232
Q

def of bregma?

A

intersection of coronal and sagittal sutures

233
Q

def of pterion?

A

intersection of frontal, spheniod, temporal and parietal

234
Q

def of lambda?

A

intersection of lambdoid and sagittal sutures

235
Q

does c7 have a bifid spinous>

A

no

236
Q

where do you see the carotid tubericle?

A

c6

237
Q

what are the atypical vertebrae?

A

C1,C2,C7,T1,T9-12,L5, Sacrum, coccyx

238
Q

what is the weight bearing structure of C1?

A

lateral masses

239
Q

what is inside of the suboccipital triangle?

A

vertebral artery and 1st cervical n

240
Q

what muscles make up the suboccipital triangle

A

obliquus capitus sup., rectus capitus post major, obliquus capitis inferior

241
Q

borders of the occipital triangle?

A

trap, SCM, omohyoid

242
Q

borders of the carotid triangle?

A

madible, SCM, Omohyoid superior belly

243
Q

borders of the omoclavicular triangle?

A

inf omohyoid, SCM, clavical

244
Q

borders of lumbar triangle (petits)

A

exteral oblique(lat), lat dorsi(med), iliac crest(inf), internal oblique(floor)

245
Q

how much of adult spine is the IVD

A

25%

246
Q

what is the nucleus pulposis is the remnant of?

A

the notochord

247
Q

where does the supraspinous ligment run?

A

C7 SP to S1

248
Q

what is the supraspinous lig called above the C7?

A

Ligamentum Nuchae

249
Q

what does the ligamentum flavum do for the zygapophaseal joint?

A

strengthens medial aspect of zygapophyseal joint

250
Q

where does the tectoral membrane run?

A

from C2 to inion

251
Q

what is the tectoral membrane a continuation of?

A

the PLL

252
Q

function of Alar lig

A

attaches dens to foramen magnum

253
Q

what isimportant about the post atlantooccipital membrane?

A

these ossify

254
Q

what is the dentate lig?

A

extension of pia mater

255
Q

what is the cremasteric muscle formed by?

A

aponeurosis of the internal abdominal oblique muscle

256
Q

what is the inguinal ligament formed by?

A

aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle

257
Q

what is contained in the greater sciatic foramen?

A

superior and inf glut vessels; sup and inf glut n., internal pudental vessels, pudendal n, sciatic n, post femoral cut n, nerves to obturator internus and quadratus

258
Q

contents of lesser sciatic foramen

A

tendon of obturator internus, nerve to obturator internus, internal pudendal vessels and pudendal n

Boards Part 1 Practice questions (15 decks)

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