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Repro HK > spermatogenesis and male infertility > Flashcards

spermatogenesis and male infertility Flashcards

1
Q

chromosomal make up of oocyte

A

22 + x

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2
Q

chromosomal make up of sperm

A

22 + y

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3
Q

what are the 2 primitive genital tracts

A 
wolffian ducts (becomes vas deferens)
mullerian ducts (becomes fallopian tube)
every zygote starts with these - one degenerates depending on chromosomal makeup
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4
Q

what chromosome has the sex determining region

A

Y - causes testes to grow from bipotential gonad

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5
Q

what do foetal testes secrete

A

testosterone

mullerian inhibiting factors

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6
Q

what is androgen sensitivity syndrome

A

x linked recessive condition where there is congenital sensitivity to androgens (testes develop but do not descend)

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7
Q

presentation of androgen sensitivity syndrome

A

external female genetalia

presents at puberty - primary amenorrhoea and short vagina

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8
Q

what do undescended testes have a risk of turning into

A

testicular germ cell cancer

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9
Q

what age should undescended testes be removed before (to reduce cancer risk)

A

under 14

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10
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur

A

seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

what cells in the testes produce testosterone

A

leydig

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12
Q

why do sertoli cells form a blood-testes barrier

A

to prevent sperm from anti-body attack

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13
Q

other roles of sertoli cells

A

provide nutrients for developing sperm destroys defective sperm through phagocytosis
secrete seminiferous fluid
secrete androgen binding globulin
secrete inhibin and activing

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14
Q

role of androgen binding globulin

A

binds to testosterone to ensure there is a constantly high level in the lumen (testosterone essential for spermatogenesis)

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15
Q

action of inhibin

A

inhibits FSH production from anterior pituitary

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16
Q

action of activing

A

stimulates FSH production

17
Q

action of FSH on sertoli cells

A

signals sertoli cells to produce androgen binding globulin

18
Q

what controls LH and FSH release

A

GnRH from hypothalamus

19
Q

what does LH do in males

A

binds to leydig cells (stimulate testosterone)

20
Q

what does testosterone become before binding to androgen binding globulin

A

dihydrotestosterone

21
Q

what type of hormone is testosterone

A

steroid

22
Q

roles of testosterone

A

secondary sex characteristics
sperm production
maculinises reproductive tract in utero

23
Q

what part of oocyte does sperm bind to

A

zona pellucida - docking

24
Q

what happens after sperm has bound to oocyte

A

acrosome exocytosis - enzymes released to break down zona pelluicida
hypermotility of sperm to allow penetration

25
Q

why is fructose present in semen

A

provides energy to sperm

26
Q

why are prostaglandins present in semen

A

stimulate motility of sperm

27
Q

why is semen alkaline

A

protect sperm against acidic vaginal environment

28
Q

what is erection

A

blood fills cavernous cavernosa

29
Q

what is emission

A

contraction of accessory sex glands and vas deferens - semen expelled through urethra

30
Q

what is ejaculation

A

contraction of smooth muscles of urethra and erectile muscles

31
Q

erection is sympathetic/parasympathetic

A

parasympathetic

32
Q

ejaculation is sympathetic/parasympathetic

A

sympathetic

33
Q

causes of male infertility

A

idiopathic (most common)
obstructive
non-obstructive
endocrine disorders

34
Q

normal testicular volume for prepubertal males

A

1-3mls

35
Q

normal testicular volume for adults

A

12-25 mls

36
Q

if under what testicular volume, patient is unlikely to be fertile

A

<5mls

37
Q

life style changes to improve male fertility

A 
frequent intercourse (2-3x per week)
<4u alcohol/day
smoking cessation 
BMI<30
avoid tight fitting underwear
less prolonged hot baths/shower use

Repro HK (37 decks)

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