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Block 8 Ellen > Sperm origins and role > Flashcards

Sperm origins and role Flashcards

1
Q

acrosome=

A

sits on top of the spermatoza and contains enzymes that digest through the egg

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2
Q

what does the male contribute to the egg

A

nucleus DNA and centrioles

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3
Q

where are the mitochondria arranged in the sperm

A

in the midpiece in a specific structure surrounding the sperm tail

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4
Q

what is the key cell of the testicular cords

A

sertoli cells

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5
Q

when do the male germ cells arrest

A

in mitosis

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6
Q

what is the highly coiled structure in the testes

A

seminiferous tubule

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7
Q

where do the seminiferous tubules drain into

A

retes testes

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8
Q

what are the retes testes formed from

A

the wolffian duct

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9
Q

where does the retes testes drain into

A

the epididymis and then into the vas deferens

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10
Q

where are spermatozoa made

A

in the seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

where are spermatozoa matured

A

epididymis

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12
Q

in males what develops into the testes and what degenerates

A

the medulla develops into testes, cortex degenerates

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13
Q

what cells line the seminiferous tubule

A

sertoli cells

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14
Q

where have sertoli cells originated from

A

coelomic epithelia

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15
Q

what gene do sertoli cells express

A

SRY gene

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16
Q

what type of cell are sertoli cells

A

epithelial

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17
Q

what junctions join the sertoli cells to form a continuous barrier

A

gap and tight junctions

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18
Q

what is the job of sertoli cells

A

to nourish and support another cells division

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19
Q

what is the compartment called in the middle of the seminiferous tubule

A

adluminal compartment

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20
Q

what compartment is on the outside of the tube

A

basal compartment

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21
Q

what cells support the sertoli cells

A

myoid cells

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22
Q

what forms the blood testes barrier

A

tight junctions formed between sertoli cells (myoid cells help)

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23
Q

what does the blood testes barrier ensure

A

stops sperm being recognised by antibodies

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24
Q

what cells lie outside of the seminiferous tubules

A

leydig cells

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25
Q

what can tell us how developed a spermatozoa is

A

there position in the gaps between the sertoli cells

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26
Q

what do meiosis and mitosis both begin with

A

diploid cells

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27
Q

end product of mitosis

A

2 diploid cells

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28
Q

end product of meiosis

A

4 spermatozoa

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29
Q

when do the prospermatogonia resume mitosis

A

at puberty under the direction of GnRH

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30
Q

what does the first mitotic division of prospermatogonia form

A

spermatogonium type A1

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31
Q

how many mitotic divisions

A

5

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32
Q

what is the does A4 spermatogonium produce

A

intermediate spermatogonium

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33
Q

what do intermediate spermatogonium divide to become

A

spermatogonium type B

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34
Q

when does mitosis stop

A

when resting primary spermatocytes are formed

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35
Q

where does the mitosis of sperm happen

A

basal layer of the sertoli cells

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36
Q

what do the Type B spermatogonia do

A

they breach the tight junctions and stimulaneously enter meiosis

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37
Q

where does all meiosis take place

A

adluminal compartment

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38
Q

what are the gametes called at the start of meiosis

A

primary spermatocytes

39
Q

what are the gametes called at the end of meiosis 1

A

secondary spermatocytes

40
Q

in meiosis 2 what so secondary spermatocytes become

A

early spermatids

41
Q

for each type B spermatogonium how many spermatids are there

A

4

42
Q

what is special about the spermatids

A

they are undergoing cell division but aren’t separating into individual cells they are maintaining cytoplasmic bridges

43
Q

GO TO MA TOZ

A

spermatogonia
spermatocytes
spermatids
spermatozoa

44
Q

what confers individuality between the clones

A

chiasmata

45
Q

what happens to the golgi apparatus in spermatid specialisation

A

they move to the proximal end of the cell and secrete the acrosome vesicle

46
Q

what happens to the centrioles in spermatid specialisation

A

both move to distal end of cell and most distal one forms the flagellum

47
Q

what forms the flagellum

A

most distal centriole

48
Q

where do mitochondria become concentrated

A

around the developing flagellum

49
Q

what do the sertoli cells enable the cytoplasm to do

A

enable excess cytoplasm to be pinched off

50
Q

what does the head of the sperm contain

A

the nucleus with very little cytoplasm

51
Q

what does the midpiece of sperm contain

A

the centrioles one of which is extended into the flagellum and the mitochondria

52
Q

how many days to make a spermatozoa from a stem cell

A

64

53
Q

what are the two key roles of the testes

A

spermatogenesis and hormone production

54
Q

where do the sperm travel from the seminiferous tubules

A

into the retes testes and then into the epididymis

55
Q

what happens to sperm in the epididymis

A

they become concentrated, matured and stored

56
Q

can a spermatozoa out of the seminiferous tubules swim

A

no

57
Q

when can spermatozoa swim

A

after a period of time away from the seminiferous tubules in the epididymis

58
Q

which cells does LH bind to

A

leydig cells

59
Q

what cells does FSH bind to

A

sertoli cells

60
Q

what happens when LH binds to leydig cells

A

androgen (testosterone) is produced

61
Q

what happens when FSH binds to sertoli cells

A

production of androgen receptors
inhibin produced
positively supports leydig cells

62
Q

what does inhibin do

A

acts on pituitary to inhibit FSH

63
Q

what cells are leydig cells comparable to in females

A

theca cells

64
Q

what is the production of testosterone from leydig cells crucial to maintain

A

blood testes barrier

65
Q

what is the more potent version of testosterone

A

5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone

66
Q

what kind of soluble is testosterone

A

lipid soluble

67
Q

what does sertoli cells do to testosterone

A

converts dihydrotestosterone and binds to androgen receptor

68
Q

when do androgen levels rise and spermatogenesis begin

A

at puberty

69
Q

what do granulosa cells and sertoli cells both support

A

the production of gametes

70
Q

what structure contributes the majority of semen volume

A

seminal vesicle

71
Q

what does the seminal vessel contribute to semen

A

nutrients to keep the sperm alive

fructose, ascorbic acid, prostaglandins

72
Q

what does the prostate contribute to semen

A

PSA (prostate specific antigen)

73
Q

what does the bulbourethral gland contribute to semen

A

mucus to lubricate sex

74
Q

ejaculate semen comes from (4)

A

seminal vesicle
prostate
cowpers gland
vas deferens

75
Q

what is prostate function dependant on

A

androgen

76
Q

3 drugs treating prostate cancer/ enlargement

A

goserelin
bicalutamide
finasteride

77
Q

what is Goserelin (drug)

A

GnRH antagonist

78
Q

what is bicalutamide (drug)

A

androgen receptor antagonist

79
Q

what is finasteride (drug)

A

reductase inhibitor

80
Q

oligozoospermia=

A

low sperm count

81
Q

aspermia =

A

complete absence of semen

82
Q

Azoospermia

A

complete absence of sperm

83
Q

asthenozoospermia

A

low sperm motility

84
Q

teratospermia=

A

abnormal morphology

85
Q

what temp do sperm work at

A

2 degrees below body temp

86
Q

what is the first step in a erection

A

corpus cavernosa fills with blood

87
Q

what happens because of sensory stimulation in an erection

A

nitric oxide is produced which acts as a vasodilator

88
Q

what does Nitric oxide increase the production of

A

cyclicGMP

89
Q

what does cyclicGMP do

A

vasodilator increases blood in the corpus cavernosa

90
Q

detumescence=

A

end of sensory stimulation

91
Q

what happens in detumescence

A

sensory stimulation lost
nitric oxide levels fall
production of PDE5

92
Q

what does PDE5 do

A

breaks down cGMP and causes vasoconstriction

93
Q

how to treat elevated levels of PDE5

A

viagra

94
Q

proper name for viagra

A

sildenafil

Block 8 Ellen (14 decks)

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