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Block 8 Ellen > Endocrine homeostasis > Flashcards

Endocrine homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

endocrinology=

A

study of glands and the hormones they produce

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2
Q

2 types of glands

A

exocrine

endocrine

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3
Q

2 types of hormones based on solubility

A

Lipid soluble

Water soluble

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4
Q

how are lipid soluble hormones transported

A

Need transport protein

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5
Q

where are lipid hormone receptors

A

inside the cell

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6
Q

where are water soluble hormones receptors

A

in cell membrane

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7
Q

3 different hormone structure

A

Polypeptide
Amino acid
Steroids

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8
Q

2 polypeptides

A

Anterior pituitary hormones

Secretin

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9
Q

2 amino acids

A

catecholamines

Thyroid hormones

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10
Q

2 steroid hormones

A

adrenal cortical and gonadal hormones

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11
Q

2 hormones derived from tyrosine

A

catechloamines

thyroid hormone

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12
Q

where does the hypothalamus lie below

A

the thalamus

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13
Q

where does the pituitary gland sit

A

sella turicia

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14
Q

hypothalamus connected to the pituitary by the

A

pituitary stalk

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15
Q

What is the hypothalamal hypophyseal portal system

A

network of capillaries that join the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

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16
Q

two main hormones released from the posterior pituitary

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

Oxytocin

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17
Q

where are the posterior pituitary hormones synthesised

A

in the hypothalamus

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18
Q

HPA axis =

A

hypthalamus produces CRH—> anterior pituitary to produce ACTH—> adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
cortisol negative feedback of CRH and ACTH

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19
Q

CRH=

A

corticotropin releasing hormone

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20
Q

ACTH=

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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21
Q

cortisol functions as a

A

stress hormone

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22
Q

primary adrenal insufficiency=

A

lesion in adrenal cortex

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23
Q

secondary adrenal insufficiency=

A

lesions in the anterior pituitary

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24
Q

tertiary adrenal insufficiency=

A

lesions in the hypothalamus

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25
Q

another name for primary adrenal insufficiency

A

addison’s disease

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26
Q

what does addison’s disease cause

A

decreased cortisol levels

increased CRH and ACTH

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27
Q

what can primary adrenal insufficiency (addison’s disease) cause

A

hyper-pigmentation

28
Q

what causes hyper-pigmentation

A

ACTH stimulating melanocyte to make lots of melanin

29
Q

in which adrenal insufficiency are all 3 hormone levels low

A

tertiary adrenal insufficiency

30
Q

what do you do if you suspect insufficiency

A

stimulate

31
Q

what do you do if you suspect over functioning

A

suppress

32
Q

how to diagnose addison’s disease

A

synacthen stimulation test (synthetic ACTH)

33
Q

diagnosis of secondary adrenal insufficiency by

A

insulin stress test

34
Q

explain insulin stress test

A

insulin= hypoglycaemia= stress response= increase CRH= normally increase in ACTH and cortisol

35
Q

cushing syndrome=

A

general symptoms of increased cortisol levels

36
Q

characteristics of hypercortisolism

A

loss of hair
weight gain
hyperglycaemia
protein depletion (poor wound healing)

37
Q

sources of hypercortisolism

A

primary

secondary

38
Q

name of secondary hypercortisolism

A

cushings disease

39
Q

what 2 diseases cause hyper-pigmentation

A

primary adrenal insufficiency

secondary hypercortisolism

40
Q

levels in cushing syndrome

A

increased cortisol
increased ACTH
decreased CRH

41
Q

levels in primary hypercortisolism

A

increased cortisol
decreased ACTH
decreased CRH

42
Q

test for cushing’s syndrome

A

dexamethasone suppression test

43
Q

HP-Thyroid axis

A

TRH from hypothalamus—->TSH from anterior pituitary—-> thyroid hormones from thyroid

44
Q

2 thyroid hormones

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

thyroxine (T4)

45
Q

HP gonadal axis =

A

GnRH from hypothalamus —> anterior pituitary release LH and FSH —> increases in testosterone in males and increase in oestrogen/ progesterone in females

46
Q

primary hypogonadism levels

A

decreased oestrogen and testosterone

increased LH and FSH

47
Q

secondary hypogonadism levels

A

decreased oestrogen/testosterone

decreased LH anf FSH

48
Q

prolactin=

A

a milk hormone made by the anterior pituitary

49
Q

prolactin production is a type of

A

positive feedback

50
Q

what is a prolactin inhibiting factor

A

dopamine

51
Q

metaclopromide=

A

dopamine antagonist

52
Q

what can a side effect of metaclopromide cause

A

hyperprolactinemia—> galactorrhoea

53
Q

bromocriptine=

A

dopamine agonist

54
Q

growth hormone pathway=

A

GHRH released by hypothalamus—> pituitary GH—> liver to produce IGF-1

55
Q

IGF-1=

A

insulin-like growth factor

56
Q

before epiphysis has grown excess GH=

A

gigantism

57
Q

after epiphysis has grown excess GH=

A

acromegaly (broad/wide features of hands ect)

58
Q

what suppresses GHRH

A

somatostatin

59
Q

where is somatostatin produced

A

hypothalamus (also pancreas)

60
Q

how to treat excess growth hormone syndromes

A

Octreotide (somatostatin analogue)

61
Q

how are posterior pituitary hormones transported in the blood

A

neurophysins hormones

62
Q

name 2 posterior pituitary hormones

A

vasopressin (ADH)

Oxytocin

63
Q

what does vasopressin do

A

contracts the blood vessels to maintain blood pressure

and conserves water

64
Q

what inhibits ADH

A

alcohol (causing excess urine production)

65
Q

treatment of diabetes insipidus

A

synthetic ADH (desmopressin)

66
Q

what mechanism does oxytocin use

A

positive feedback

67
Q

what does oxytocin cause

A

contraction of uterus smooth muscle

Block 8 Ellen (14 decks)

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