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Block 8 Ellen > Exocrine and endocrine pancreas > Flashcards

Exocrine and endocrine pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

exocrine pancreas overview

A

releases bicarbonate, Zymozans and enzymes

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2
Q

endocrine pancreas overview

A

insulin, Glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide

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3
Q

vast majority of pancreas=

A

exocrine

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4
Q

10% of pancreas=

A

endocrine

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5
Q

2 structures that make up the exocrine pancreas

A

intercalated ducts

Acinus

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6
Q

what is an acinus

A

a cluster of cells that resembles a many lobed berry

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7
Q

what structure leads directly away from the acinus

A

intercalated ducts

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8
Q

what do the intercalated ducts feed into

A

intralobular ducts (eventually ending up in the pancreatic duct)

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9
Q

what is present where the acinus meets the intercalated ducts

A

aciner cells

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10
Q

what is the function of the intercalated ducts

A

to produce bicarbonate

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11
Q

what is bicarbonate used for

A

to buffer the acidic environment to a pH optimal for enzymes to work

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12
Q

what coverts CO2 and H2O to bicarbonate

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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13
Q

what enzyme triggers the expulsion of bicarbonate

A

secretin

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14
Q

what does secretin trigger inside the cell

A

ATP–> cyclic AMP

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15
Q

what does cyclic AMP cause

A

expulsion of CL- and K+

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16
Q

what does the activation of basolateral K+ channels do

A

hyperpolarises the cell

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17
Q

what does cell polarisation favour

A

Apical CL- efflux through cAMP activated CL- channels (CFTR)

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18
Q

how is CL- bought back into the cell

A

by the CL-/HCO3- exchange

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19
Q

what enzyme is released for digestion of fat and protein

A

cholecytokinin (CCK)

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20
Q

Where is cholecytokinin released from

A

I cells in the duodenum

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21
Q

where does cholecytokin act and what is its role

A

in the pancreas so the appropriate enzymes that degrade fat are released

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22
Q

what does secretin regulate

A

water homeostasis and secretions in stomach and duodenum

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23
Q

what does secretin do in the intercalated ducts

A

makes the ducts function to produce bicarbonate

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24
Q

where is secretin produced

A

S cells in the duodenum

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25
Q

in cystic fibrosis where and what is the gene mutation

A

frameshift mutation in the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR) gene

26
Q

what does cystic fibrosis lead to

A

viscous secretions that block exocrine movement of digestive enzymes

27
Q

what eventually happens to the exocrine pancreas in a patient with cystic fibrosis

A

digestive enzymes stay in the pancreas and start digesting the pancreas

28
Q

what enzyme can be given to aid digestion

A

Pancreatin

29
Q

what does pancreatin contain

A

amylase
lipase
protease

30
Q

what coating does pancreatin have

A

enteric coating

31
Q

4 cells of the endocrine pancreas

A

Beta cells
Alpha cells
Delta cells
Epsilon cells

32
Q

what does alpha cells produce

A

glucagon

33
Q

what do beta cells produce

A

insulin

34
Q

what do delta cells produce

A

somatostatin

35
Q

what do epsilon cells produce

A

Ghrelin

36
Q

where is insulin encoded

A

chromosome 11

37
Q

where does insulin enter upon release from the beta cells

A

the portal circulation and is carried to the liver

38
Q

what happens to the proportion of insulin not broken in the liver

A

it is degraded in the kidneys

39
Q

2 forms of insulin

A

Hexameric form

Monomeric form

40
Q

active form of insulin=

A

monomeric form

41
Q

inactive form of insulin

A

Hexameric form

42
Q

shape of hexameric insulin

A

6 insulin molecules arranged in a three fold symmetry held together by a central zinc molecule forming histidine bonds

43
Q

shape of monomeric insulin

A

alpha and beta chains linked via disulphide bridges

44
Q

what is the original single polypeptide of insulin

A

preproinsulin

45
Q

what does preproinsulin produce after 1 peptide is cleaved

A

proinsulin

46
Q

when proinsulin matures what does it release

A

Central C-peptide

47
Q

what glucose receptor is on beta cells

A

GLUT2

48
Q

when does GLUT2 open

A

when glucose levels are high in surrounding cells

49
Q

what does the influx of glucose into the beta cell cause

A

increase ATP causing potassium channels open—> Depolarisation causing an influx of Calcium triggering vesicles holding hexameric insulin to release the insulin in monomeric form

50
Q

what glucose receptor is stored in vesicles in muscle and Fat cells

A

GLUT4

51
Q

what triggers the movement of GLUT4 to the cell

A

IRS-1 phosphorylation

52
Q

what can insulin be described by

A

glucose haemostat

53
Q

what is the principal organ of glucose homeostasis

A

the liver

54
Q

where is 90% of glucose derived from

A

liver glycogen and hepatic gluconeogenesis

55
Q

which organ is the main glucose consumer

A

the brain

56
Q

what is the brains uptake of glucose controlled by

A

Its OBLIGATORY (not controlled by insulin)

57
Q

what are other tissues glucose consumers

A

faculative

58
Q

glycogen synthesis

A

glycogenesis

59
Q

glycogen breakdown=

A

glycogenolysis

60
Q

glucose breakdown=

A

glycolysis

61
Q

what does somatostatin do

A

inhibits release of insulin and glucagon as well as exocrine pancreatic secretions

62
Q

when and why is somatostain released

A

after a meal to dampen the whole process down

Block 8 Ellen (14 decks)

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