Speech Sound Disorders

Question 1

Functional

Answer 1

Articulation, Phonology: No known cause

Question 2

Motor/Neurological

Answer 2

Execution (Dysarthria), Planning (Apraxia)

Question 3

Structural

Answer 3

Cleft palate/other orofacial anomalies, structural deficits due to trauma or surgery

Question 4

Sensory/Perceptual

Answer 4

Hearing Impairment

Question 5

Articulation Disorder

Answer 5

Mispronounce sounds which effects speech intelligibility. Specific sounds

Question 6

Omissions (Articulation)

Answer 6

A child doesn’t produce a sound in a word. “ool” for “pool”

Question 7

Substitutions

Answer 7

A very common speech sound error. “thun” for “sun”

Question 8

Distortions

Answer 8

Child uses a non-typical sound for a typically developing sound. Lisp when producing /s/ sound. Air escapes out the side of the mouth, not over the center of the tongue.

Question 9

Phonological Disorder

Answer 9

Present in the absence of structural or neurological problem. Patterns. Ex.) ‘On the weekend, I went to the beach,’ the sentence may sound like ‘On a eet en, I ent oo a bee’

Question 10

Phonological Processes

Answer 10

Cluster Reduction, Final Consonant Deletion, Velar Fronting, Stopping, Liquid Glides

Question 11

Cluster Reduction

Answer 11

This process occurs on words which feature consonant sounds that are grouped together
For instance, the words snake and snail both feature the consonant cluster sn
In a cluster reduction snake and snail are commonly misarticulated as nake and nail
The /s/ at the beginning of the word is deleted

Question 12

Final Consonant Deletion

Answer 12

: As the process title suggests, the final consonant sound in a word is deleted
For instance, the words sheep, duck and carrot may be produced as shee…, du… and carro…
When a child has final consonant deletion he or she tends to delete just about all final consonants
So the sentence, ‘The horse ate the carrot, and the duck went for a swim,’ may be presented by the child as ‘The hor.. a… the carro… an… the du… wen… for a swi…’

Question 13

Velar Fronting

Answer 13

Velar fronting occurs on production of the /k/ and /g/ phonemes
The /k/ and /g/ phonemes are made at the back of the mouth, when the tongue contacts the velum, which results in a blockage of the air stream
Children with velar fronting difficulty don’t do this
Their tongue tip touches the front of the mouth to produce a /t/ or /d/
For instance, cart becomes tart, and goat becomes doat

Question 14

Stopping

Answer 14

Fricative sounds (stream of air) are replaced by sounds that don’t have a stream of air.
That is, long windy sounds such as /sh/ or long hissing sounds such as /s/ are replaced by short sounds such as /t/ or /p/.
So for instance, the word ship may be pronounced as pip, or tip, or even dip.

Question 15

Liquid Glides

Answer 15

A very common process where the liquid sounds /l/ and /r/ are replaced by /w/ or /y/
For instance, leaf becomes weaf or yeaf, and red becomes wed or yed
Liquid glides are later developing sounds and so are not really considered speech sound errors in younger children, but more as a natural process

Question 16

Bilabial

Answer 16

, the lower and upper lips approach or touch each other. English [p], [b], and [m] are bilabial stops

Question 17

Labiodental

Answer 17

the lower lip approaches or touches the upper teeth. English [f] and [v] are bilabial fricatives

Question 18

Dental

Answer 18

the tip or blade of the tongue approaches or touches the upper teeth. English [θ] and [ð] are dental fricatives

Question 19

Alveolar

Answer 19

, the tongue tip (or less often the tongue blade) approaches or touches the alveolar ridge, the ridge immediately behind the upper teeth

Question 20

Palatal

Answer 20

the body of the tongue approaches or touches the hard palate. English [j] is a palatal approximant

Question 21

Velar

Answer 21

the body of the tongue approaches or touches the soft palate, or velum. English [k], [ɡ], and [ŋ]

Question 22

Glottal

Answer 22

the glottis is the opening between the vocal folds, example [h]

Question 23

Voiced

Answer 23

Sounds made with vocal cord vibration

Question 24

Voiceless

Answer 24

Sounds made without vocal cord vibration

Question 25

jargon

Answer 25

long strings of syllables with adult like intonation

Question 26

Dysarthria

Answer 26

group of motor speech disorders caused by neuromuscular deficits that result in weakness or paralysis and/or poor coordination of the speech musculature.

Question 27

Childhood Apraxia of Speech

Answer 27

Neurological speech sound disorder that affects the ability to plan and/or program the movement sequences necessary for accurate speech production.
Speech is often unintelligible, segmented/choppy, disfluent, or lacking in prosodic variation.