Speech & Language - Fitz

Question 1

What are language regions of the brain specialized for?

Answer 1

Symbolic representation of communication

Question 2

The primary functions for semantic processing (meaning of language) are located in which hemisphere?

Answer 2

Left Hemisphere

Question 3

What are the three overlapping components of language?

Answer 3

• Comprehension
• Interpretation
• Expression

Question 4

What rule of language defines symbol use?

Answer 4

Grammar

Question 5

What rule of language organizes symbols?

Answer 5

Syntax

Question 6

What rule of language allows emotional emphasis via changes in pitch, intensity and rhythm?

Answer 6

Prosody

Question 7

What rule of language is handled in the right hemisphere (majority of people)?

Answer 7

Prosody (emotional content)

Question 8

What are the 9 steps involved in language processing when speaking to others?

Answer 8

1. Prefrontal cortex is thinking/planning what to say
2. Gershwind’s Territory (multimodal association)
3. Wernicke’s area (assign meaning)
4. Arcuate Fasciculus
5. Broca’s (production of meaningful language)
6. Primary Motor Cortex
7. Nucleus Ambiguus
8. CN IX, X, XII
9. SPEECH!

Question 9

What are the 9 steps in language processing when taking notes in class?

Answer 9

1. Cochlea
2. Primary Auditory Cortex
3. Wernicke’s (language comprehension)
4. Arcuate Fasciculus
5. Broca’s Area
6. Primary Motor Cortex
7. Corticospinal Tract
8. Alpha motor neurons of cervical spinal cord (ventral horn)
9. Radial, ulnar, and median nerves

Question 10

What two functions are lateralized no matter whether a person is right or left handed?

Answer 10

1. Visual field
2. Stereognosia (objection recognition by touch)

Question 11

What functions may be flipped based on whether you are right-handed or left-handed?

Answer 11

• Usually Left lateralization:
  
  • Positive emotions
  • Speech
  • Writing (right lateralization in left-handed person)
• Usually Right lateralization:
  
  • Negative recognition
  • Prosody
  • Rudimentary speech

Question 12

What is fundamental pitch determined by?

Answer 12

• Gender
• Size
• Age

Question 13

What are the four stages of vocalization?

Answer 13

1. Expelling air from lungs
2. Generation of fundamental frequency of an individual’s speech.
3. Generation of vowel sounds (alter shape of vocal tract.
4. Articulation of consonants (opening/closing of vocal folds)

Question 14

About how many fundamental sounds (phones) can humans generate?

Answer 14

200

(form 6,000 languages)

Question 15

What are neurogenic speech disorders?

Answer 15

Inability to exchange information with others due to nervous system impairment.

Question 16

What is the difference between aphagia and aphasia?

Answer 16

Aphagia = no swallowing

Aphasia = no speech

Question 17

What are the two types of fluent dysphasias?

Answer 17

• Receptive (Wernicke’s)
• Conductive (Arcuate fasciculate/Gershwinds)

Question 18

What are the two types of non-fluent dysphasias?

Answer 18

• Expressive dysphasia (Broca’s)
• Global aphasia (large areas of damage)

Question 19

What two types of dysphasia involve deficits in auditory comprehension and verbal comprehension?

Answer 19

Receptive (Wernicke’s)

&

Conductive (Arcuate fasciculus/Gershwind’s)

Question 20

What type of dysphasia involves deficits in verbal expression and graphic experession?

Answer 20

Expressive Dysphasia (Broca’s)

Question 21

What type of dysphasia/aphasia involves deficits in auditory comprehension, verbal comprehension, verbal expression, and graphic expression?

Answer 21

Global aphasia