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Neuro B4 - WLB > Hypothalamus/Pituitary - Engeland > Flashcards

Hypothalamus/Pituitary - Engeland Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamic control includes what two major jobs?

A
  • Defense of homeostasis
  • Integration of information for control of:
    • endocrine system
    • autonomic nervous system
    • neural systems concerned with motivation - limbic system
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2
Q

What is the fornix a major projection to?

A

Mammilary bodies

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3
Q

What important pituitary-related structure can be severed in trauma?

A

Stalk to pituitary

(not the same as infundibulum)

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4
Q

What important area is located directly above the median eminence (infundibulum) of the pituitary?

A

3rd Ventricle

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5
Q

What three parts make up the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)?

A
  1. Pars tuberalis
  2. Pars distalis
  3. Pars intermedia
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6
Q

What two parts make up the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)?

A
  1. Infundibular stalk (pituitary stalk)
  2. Posterior lobe
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7
Q

What part of the pituitary is the intersection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

A

Median eminence (infundibulum)

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8
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary?

A

Secretion of Vasopressin and/or Oxytocin into systemic circulation.

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9
Q

Where is Vasopressin & Oxytocin synthesized?

A
  • Magnocellular neurons in the hypothalamus
    • Supraoptic nuclei
    • Paraventricular nuclei
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10
Q

How do Vasopressin/Oxytocin peptides get to the posterior pituitary and eventually into systemic circulation?

A
  • Transported via axons to nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary
  • Stored in vesicles until released by neural activity
  • Vessicles released into Hypophyseal Vein
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11
Q

What three conditions stimulate release of Vasopressin?

A
  1. Increased blood osmolality (too much solute)
  2. Hypovolemia (low blood volume)
  3. Hypotension
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12
Q

What is the body’s response to Vasopressin?

A
  • Increased water reabsorption by the kidney
    • antidiuretic effect
  • Vasoconstriction
    • Increased BP
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13
Q

What two conditions stimulate Oxytocin release into the blood in women?

A
  1. Suckling infant/Nursing
  2. Uterine stimulation (labor)
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14
Q

What is the body’s response to Oxytocin released in the blood stream?

A
  • “Milk ejection reflex”
    • via smooth muscle contraction in the breast
  • Uterine contraction
    • smooth muscle contraction of the uterus
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15
Q

What happens when Oxytocin is released in the brain (not into the blood stream)?

A

Better bonding/relationships

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16
Q

What are the three “families” of secreted hormones by the anterior pituitary?

A
  • Somatomammotropins
    • Growth hormone
    • Prolactin
  • Glycoproteins
    • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
    • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
    • Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
  • Opiomelanocortin peptides
    • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
    • Beta-endorphin
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17
Q

What hormone is stimulated by exercise, stress, and sleep, and results in tissue growth and metabolism?

A

Growth hormone

18
Q

What hormone is stimulated by suckling and stress, and results in the development of mammary tissue and prepares the breast to produce milk (lactation)?

A

Prolactin

19
Q

What hormone is stimulated by cold temperature and results in increased cell metabolism which causes increased heat production?

A

Thyroid-stimulating Hormone

20
Q

What hormone is regulated by hypothalamic peptide, causes spermatogenesis in men, and the development of the ovarian follicle in women?

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

21
Q

What hormone is regulated by hypothalamic peptides and results in testosterone stimulation in men, ovulation initiation in women, and progesterone stimulation in women?

A

Luteinizing Hormone

22
Q

What hormone is stimulated by stress and results in cortisol secretion from the Adrenal cortex?

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

(ACTH)

23
Q

What hormone is stimulated by stress and results in opiate-like effects as well as analgesia?

A

Beta-endorphin

24
Q

What test could be used clinically to assess anterior pituitary function?

A

STRESS

  • give small concentration of insulin
    • causes insulin-induced hypoglycemia (stress)
    • results in increased:
      • ACTH
      • Cortisol (due to ACTH increase)
      • Prolactin
      • Growth Hormone
      • Beta-endorphin
25
Q

Where are the anterior pituitary hormones synthesized?

A

Parvocellular (small) hypothalamic neurons

26
Q

How do the anterior pituitary hormones get to the anterior pituitary and eventually to systemic circulation?

A
  • Transported from hypothalamic region to median eminence via axons
  • Released from nerve terminals into hypophyseal portal vein
  • Vascular system brings hormones to anterior pituitary
27
Q

What are the four excitatory hypothalamic releasing hormones?

A
  1. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) (increases TSH)
  2. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) (increases FSH & LH)
  3. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) (increases ASCTH & Beta-Endorphin)
  4. Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) (increases growth hormone)
28
Q

What are the two inhibitory hypothalamic releasing hormones?

A
  1. Somatostatin (decreases growth hormone)
  2. Dopamine (decreases Prolactin)

***Net Excitatation by GHRH

29
Q

Describe the hypophysial portal blood system.

A
  • No direct arterial supply to anterior pituitary cells (true portal system)
  • Hypothalamic “releasing hormones” secreted into primary plexus
    • carried to pituitary cells via Portal Vein
    • delivered to pituitary cells at secondary plexus
  • Anterior Pituitary Hormones secreted into systemic circulation
30
Q

What hormonal changes occur after pituitary stalk section (severed)?

A
  • Increase in Prolactin
    • because it is under inhibitory control
  • All others decrease
31
Q

What hormone is affected in diabetes insipidus?

A

Loss of Vasopressin secretion

32
Q

What are the three possible etiologies of diabetes insipidus?

A
  1. Head trauma severing pituitary stalk
  2. Autoimmune destruction of magnocellular neurons
  3. Idopathic
33
Q

What are the main symptoms of diabetes insipidus?

A
  • Polyuria
  • Polydipsia
34
Q

What is the treatment of diabetes insipidus?

A
  • Give Vasopressin that acts specifically on the kidney (Desamino Vasopressin)
    • acts to retain water in the kidney without increasing BP
    • very effective
35
Q

Too much of what hormone leads to Galactorrhea-amenorrhea?

A

Prolactin

36
Q

What are the symptoms of galactorrhea-amenorrhea?

A
  • increased/inappropriate lactation
  • cessation of menstruation
37
Q

What is the etiology behind galactorrhea-amenorrhea?

A

Tumor in pituitary = Microadenoma

(that releases Prolactin)

38
Q

What causes the cessation in menstruation in galactorrhea-amenorrhea?

A
  • ​High [Prolactin] can act directly on cells that make FSH/LH
    • causes decrease in FSH/LH production
    • leads to no menstruation!
39
Q

When do women usually present to the clinic with galactorrhea-amenorrhea?

A

when unsuccessfully attempting to get pregnant

40
Q

What is the treatment for galactorrhea-amenorrhea?

A
  • Pharmacologically:
    • inhibit with Dopamine
    • give a dopamine receptor agonist to block dopamine
  • Surgically:
    • talented surgeon can remove microadenoma without damaging surrounding tissues

Neuro B4 - WLB (17 decks)

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