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Neuro B4 - WLB > Cognitive Processes - Ruff > Flashcards

Cognitive Processes - Ruff Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of cognition?

A
  • Cognition = our “internal” life
    • Perception
    • Attention
    • Memory
    • Language
    • Emotion
    • Planning
    • Consciousness
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2
Q

Explain the concept of the default network.

A
  • Areas that are consistently active when you are doing nothing.
  • Includes:
    • Posterior Parietal
    • Posterior Cingulate/Precuneus
    • Dorsolateral Prefontal Cortex
    • Medial Prefrontal Cortex
    • Medial Temporal
    • Rostrolateral Temporal
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3
Q

What is the difference between unimodal and multimodal association cortex?

A
  • Unimodal:
    • integrates info within one sensory modality
    • e.x. just vision
  • Multimodal:
    • integrates info across sensory modalities and from other sources
    • e.x. vision & memory & emotion
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4
Q

What is the typical flow of information or hierarchy of projections to carry out an appropriate behavioral response to a stimulus?

(5 steps)

A
  • Primary sensory cortex →
  • Unimodal association cortex →
  • Multimodal association cortex →
  • Premotor cortex →
  • Motor cortex →

(But there are also extensive feedback projections and “shortcuts” between areas)

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5
Q

What cell types are present primarily in layers 2 and 3 of the cortex?

A

Pyramidal cells

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6
Q

What cell type is located in layer 4 of the cortex?

A

Stellate cells

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7
Q

What cortex has the largest output layer/layer 5?

A

Primary Motor Cortex

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8
Q

Why do the Primary Visual Cortex and the Primary Sensory Cortex have small output layers (layer 5) in comparison to the Primary Motor Cortex?

A

They do not project out to the entire body as much as the Primary Motor Cortex which is responsible for big tracts like the Corticospinal & Corticobulbar.

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9
Q

What is giving input to the Primary Sensory Cortex?

A
  • Sense-specific thalamic nucleus
    • Lateral geniculate → Retina
    • Medial geniculate → Cochlea
      • via brainstem auditory nuclei
    • Ventral posterior lateral → Skin
      • via medial lemniscus
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10
Q

Where is the Primary Sensory Cortex sending output to?

A

Other cortical areas:

  • Primary visual cortex
  • Primary auditory cortex
  • Primary somatosensory cortex
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11
Q

What is giving input to the Primary Association Cortex?

A
  • Multimodal thalamic nuclei:
    • Pulvinar → from Association cortex, superior colliculus (visual input loops)
    • Medial dorsal → from superior colliculus, olfactory cortex, amygdala, ventral pallidum
    • Lateral posterior → from Association cortex, anterior cingulate, retina
    • Anterior → from hypothalamus, hippocampus, cingulate
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12
Q

What are corticocortical connections?

A

cortex projecting to neighboring areas

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13
Q

What are callosal connections?

A

send to cortex in opposite hemisphere

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14
Q

What are the three main functions of the Primary Association Cortex?

A
  1. Attention
  2. Recognition
  3. Executive function (planning, goals, etc.)
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15
Q

What are the basic maturational changes in cortical structure and function?

A
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16
Q

What cortical areas are part of the Association Cortex?

A

Anything “not-primary” cortex

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17
Q

Where is the Primary Association Cortex sending outputs to?

A

Other cortical areas:

  • Parietotemporal & Visual Association Cortex
  • Frontal eye fields, Anterior Cingulate Cortex
  • Parietal & Visual Association Cortex, Anterior Cingulate, Striatum
  • Posterior Cingulate
18
Q

Which cortex has a higher density of corticocortical connections - Association Cortex or Primary Cortex?

A

Association Cortex

19
Q

What layers of the Sensory & Association Cortex receive modulatory inputs from the brainstem including 5HT, NE, DA, and ACh?

A

All 6 layers!

20
Q

What layers of the Sensory & Association Cortex send projections to the Thalamus?

A

Layers 5 & 6

21
Q

What layers of the Association and Primary Sensory Cortex receive input from “other cortical areas”?

A

Layers 1, 2, 3, & 5

(Association receives MORE INPUT than Sensory)

22
Q

What two layers of the Sensory & Association Cortex send output to “other cortical areas”?

A

Layers 2 & 3

23
Q

What is the general function of the Association Cortex?

A
  • Integrate input from different modalities
  • Mediate “internal” cognition
  • Mediate between sensory inputs and the appropriate behavioral output
24
Q

What is the function of the Parietal Association Cortex?

A
  • Non-dominant hemisphere
    • Attention
    • Visuospatial localization: searching/reaching for an object
    • Spatial relationships: bring elements of visual scene together
  • Dominant Hemisphere
    • Skilled movements
    • Right/Left orientation
25
Q

What can damage to the Posterior Parietal Cortex result in?

A
  • Spatial neglect (nondominant hemisphere)
  • Motor apraxias (dominant hemisphere)
    • involves skilled motions, cognitive gestures, tool use in daily life like toothbrush, comb
26
Q

Why is damage of the right Posterior Parietal Cortex problematic for vision?

A
  • Right Posterior Parietal Cortex is responsible for attending to the left visual field
    • ​damage results in abscence of left visual field
  • Both Posterior Parietal Cortex hemispheres are responsible for attending to the right visual field
    • damage to one hemisphere does not impair right visual field
27
Q

What are the functions of the Temporal Association Cortex?

A
  • Recognition
  • Object identification
  • Language
  • Social attention
28
Q

Damage to the Temporal Association Cortex along with several other cortical areas can produce what symptom?

A

Agnosias - deficits in cognitive recognition

29
Q

What is Prosopagnosia? Where is the causative lesion?

A

Inability to recognize faces

-bilateral lesion of inferior temporal cortex

30
Q

What is Visual Agnosia? Where is the causative lesion?

A

Inability to recognize an object by sight

(recognition by other senses remains intact)

-damage to unimodal visual cortex

31
Q

What is Astereognosia? Where is the causative lesion?

A

Inability to recognize object by touch alone.

-damage to unimodal somatosensory cortex

32
Q

What is Associative Visual Agnosia? Where is the causative lesion?

A

Can identify, but not name

-damage to posterior parietal cortex

33
Q

What is finger agnosia? Where is the causative lesion?

A

Inability to recognize different fingers

-damage to angular gyrus of dominant parietal cortex

34
Q

What is the function of the Prefrontal Cortex?

A
  • Executive function
    • Planning
    • Decision making
    • Purposeful action
    • Sequencing behaviors over time
    • Selection and execution of appropriate behavior
  • Working memory
35
Q

Damage of the Prefrontal Cortex leads to what cognitive deficits?

A
  • Loss of impulse control
  • Socially inappropriate behavior
  • Disordered thought
  • Inability to plan
  • Behavior repetition
  • Inability to use information to guide behavior
36
Q

What are the general changes over development in maturation of the Cortex?

A
  • Synaptic density
  • Myelination
  • Gray matter thickness
37
Q

What area of the cortex matures first?

A

Sensorimotor & Occipital

38
Q

What areas of the cortex mature last?

A

Highly connected areas like

  • Prefrontal Cortex
  • Posterior Parietal
39
Q

What areas of the cortex are often the first to degenerate?

A

Last areas to mature!

40
Q

What happens to gray matter over time as the cortex matures?

A

Becomes thinner

Neuro B4 - WLB (17 decks)

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