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Neuro B4 - WLB > Cerebellum Motor Control - Ruff > Flashcards

Cerebellum Motor Control - Ruff Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major functions of the cerebellum?

A
  1. Correcting or preventing motor mistakes
  2. Ensuring accurate and smooth movements (midline & appendicular movements)
  3. Associative learning system (cognition, language, etc.)
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2
Q

What are the major anatomical divisions of the cerebellum?

A
  • Longitudinal zones
    • Vermis
    • Paravermis (intermediate zones)
    • Lateral hemispheres
  • Transverse divisions (primary fissure separates)
    • Anterior lobe
    • Posterior lobe
  • Peduncles
  • Posterolateral fissure
  • Flocculonodular zone
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3
Q

What are the three functional divisions of the cerebellum?

A
  1. Spinocerebellum (Vermis & Paravermis
  2. Cerebrocerebellum (Lateral hemispheres)
  3. Vestibulocerebellum (Flocculonodular zone)
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4
Q

What functions does the Vermis assist with?

A
  • Midline movements
    • Speech
    • Posture
    • Stance
    • Gait
    • Visceral function
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5
Q

What functions does the Paravermis assist with?

A
  • Appendicular movements
    • Reaching
    • Grasping
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6
Q

What functions do the lateral hemispheres assist with?

A
  • Spatially and temporally complex movements requiring synergistic coordination
    • e.g. playing the piano
  • Cognition
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7
Q

What are the three components of the internal structure of the cerebellum?

A
  1. Cortex
  2. White matter
  3. Deep cerebellar nuclei
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8
Q

What are the three-four nuclei in the Deep Cerebellar nuclei?

A
  • Dentate
  • Interposed
    • Emboliform
    • Globus
  • Fastigial

(Don’t Eat Green Frogs)

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9
Q

What are the layers of the Cerebellar Cortex from outer –> inner?

A
  • Molecular layer
  • Purkinje layer
  • Granular layer
  • White matter
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10
Q

What type of input fiber to the Cerebellar Cortex is afferent to the Granule Cells and comes from the pontine nuclei (cerebral cortex), spinal cord, and vestibular system?

A

Mossy fibers

(excitatory to granule cell)

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11
Q

What type of input fiber to the Cerebellar Cortex is afferent to the Purkinje Cells and comes from the contralateral inferior olivary nucleus?

A

Climbing fibers

(excitatory to purkinje cells)

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12
Q

Where do the efferent Deep Cerebellar Nuclear Cell axons travel to after they leave the cerebellum?

A

Thalamus

(motor cortex)

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13
Q

What three tracts send mossy fibers to the cerebellar cortex?

A
  1. Spinocerebellum (Clarke’s nucleus)
  2. Vestibulocerebellum (Vestibular nuclei)
  3. Cerebrocerebellum (Cerebral cortex via Pontine nuclei)
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14
Q

What cerebellar structure allows mossy fibers to enter the cerebellum/cerebellar cortex?

A

Cerebellar Peduncles!

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15
Q

The inferior cerebellar peduncle receives input from what tracts?

A
  • Ipsilateral
    • Dorsal/rostral Spinocerebellar tracts
    • Cuneocerebellar tract
    • Rubrospinal tract
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16
Q

The middle cerebellar peduncle receives input from what tracts?

A

Contralateral input form the Pontine Nuclei (Cerebrocerebellum Tract)

17
Q

The superior cerebellar peduncle receives input from what tracts?

A
  • Ventral Spinocerebellar tract

***Mostly output from the cerebellum, though

18
Q

Where do the afferent climbing fibers of the cerebellar cortex originate?

A

Interior Olive

19
Q

How do the afferent climbing fibers enter the cerebellar cortex?

A

Inferior Peduncle

20
Q

What is the ratio of Purkinje cells to climbing fibers?

A

1:1

21
Q

What function are climbing fibers critical for?

A

Detecting “error” in motions

(also needed for motor learning)

22
Q

What cells in the cerebellar cortex are tonically active (always firing) and inhibitory?

A

Purkinje cells

23
Q

How does the basic internal circuit of the cerebellar cortex allow movement to initiate and conversely stop movement?

A
  • Initiate movement:
    • Decreased activation of Purkinje cells
    • Disinhibition allows deep cerebellar nuclear cell to fire –> movement initiates
  • Stop movement:
    • When the target is reached, Purkinje cells are activated
    • Inhibition of deep cerebellar nuclear cells
24
Q

What do reafference inputs into the cerebellar cortex do?

A
  • Provide sensory info from the periphery about motions actually occuring
    • Muscle spindles
    • GTO
    • Skin receptors
    • Vestibular feedback
    • Visual info
  • Efference copy of motor commands is produced
  • These inputs are compared and future motions are corrected
25
Q

Where does proprioceptive info mossy fibers of the Spinocerebellar tract originate?

A
  • Ia, Ib, and II fom ipsilateral muscles
    • Clarke’s nucleus –> Dorsal spinocerebellar tract
    • Cuneate nucleus –> Cuneocerebellar tract
    • Mesencephalic nucleus
26
Q

Where does motor information mossy fibers of the Spinocerebellar tract originate?

A
  • Ventral spinocerebellar tract
    • crosses midline in spinal cord
    • enters cerebellum through the superior cerebellar peduncle
    • crosses again in cerebellum
    • ultimately ipsilateral
  • Rostral spinocerebellar tract
    • starts in cervical spinal cord
    • stays ipsilateral
27
Q

What two Spinocerebellar inputs carry Reafferance information and enter the cerebellum through the inferior cerebellar peduncles?

A
  • Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract
    • arises from Clarke’s nucleus
    • info about trunk and legs
  • Cuneocerebellar Tract
    • aristes from External cuneate nucleus
    • info about arms
28
Q

What two Spinocerebellar inputs carry Efference Copy information and arise from the Ventral horn?

A
  • Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract
    • Info about trunk and legs
    • enters through superior cerebellar peduncles
  • Rostral Spinocerebellar Tract
    • Info about arms
    • enters through the inferior cerebellar peduncles
29
Q

Where do Spinocerebellar efferents from the Vermis that exit out of the superior cerebellar peduncle go?

A
  • Vermis → Fastigial nucleus → Superior Cerebellar peduncle
    • VL thalamus → M1 → Ventral Corticospinal tract
    • Superior colliculos → Tectospinal Tract
30
Q

Where do the Spinocerebellum efferents from the Vermis that exit out of the Inferior cerebellar peduncles go?

A
  • Vermis → Fastigial nucleus → Inferior Cerebellar peduncles
    • Reticular nuclei → Reticulospinal Tracts
    • Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal Tracts
31
Q

Where do the Spinocerebellum efferents from the Paravermis go?

A
  • Paravermis → Interposed nuclei (Emboliform/Globus)
    • VL thalamus → M1 → Lateral Corticospinal Tract
    • Magnocellular Red Nucleus → Rubrospinal Tract
32
Q

What symptoms do defecits in the Spinocerebellum result in?

A
  • Gait ataxia
    • due to genetic disorders, alcohol
  • Dysmetria (lack of coordination)
  • Action tremor
  • Timing disorders (dysdiadochokinesia)
  • Decomposition of movements
  • Inability to adapt motor programs to changed circumstances
33
Q

What direction do people with lesions in the vestibulocerebellum tend to fall?

A

Towards the side of the lesion

34
Q

Where do efferents from the Vestibulocerebellum go?

A

​Flocculus and nodulus → Vestibular nuclei → Vestibular Tracts

35
Q

What symptoms do deficits in the vestibulocerebellum result in?

A
  • Problems with equilibrium & balance
  • Vertigo
  • Visual problems
    • nystagmus
    • loss of smooth eye pursuit
    • oscillopsia (oscillating vision)
    • diplopia
36
Q

Where do efferents from the Cerebrocerebellum go?

A
  • Lateral cerebellar hemispheres → Dentate nuclei
    • contralateral VL thalamus → cortical motor areas
    • Parvocellular red nucleus → Inferior olives → Climbing fibers
37
Q

What symptoms do deficits in the Cerebrocerebellum produce?

A
  • Deficits in fine motor control (e.g. writing)
  • Impairments in high skilled motions
    • e.g. speech, sports, playing a musical instrument

Neuro B4 - WLB (17 decks)

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