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Neuro B4 - WLB > Limbic System - Engeland > Flashcards

Limbic System - Engeland Flashcards

1
Q

The limbic system controls what four things?

A
  • Mood
  • Emotion
  • Feelings
  • Motivation
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2
Q

The limbic system is critical for what function?

A

Memory

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3
Q

The hippocampus projects to the mammillary bodies via what pathway?

A

Fornix

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4
Q

The mammillary bodies project to the anterior thalamic nucleus via what tract?

A

Mammillothalamic Tract

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5
Q

The amygdala projects neurons through the Stria Terminalis to what nucleus?

A

Septal Nucleus

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6
Q

The Medial Forebrain Bundle brings neurons from where to where?

A

Midbrain –> Hypothalamus –> Forebrain

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7
Q

All limbic areas receive rich innervation by what two axons?

A

Monoaminergic & Cholinergic

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8
Q

What area in the pons is primarily responsible for production of norepinephrine?

A

Locus ceruleus

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9
Q

What area in the midbrain/pons is primarily responsible for the production of serotonin?

A

Raphe nuclei

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10
Q

What area of the midbrain is the origin of dopaminergic cell bodies of the mesolimbic system and involved in the “rewarding” circuitry of the brain?

A

Ventral Tegmental Area

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11
Q

What four areas of the brain does the ventral tegmental area send projections to?

A
  1. Nucleus Accumbens
  2. Medial Prefrontal Cortex
  3. Amygdala
  4. Septal Nuclei

***All dopamine producing neurons!

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12
Q

How does cocaine affect Dopamine in the brain?

A

Blocks dopamine reuptake –> Increase in [Dopamine] in the synapse

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13
Q

A lesion in what two places results in decreased drug-seeking behavior?

A
  1. Ventral Tegmental Area
  2. Nucleus Accumbens
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14
Q

What kind of drug can you give to decrease drug-seeking behavior?

A

Dopamine receptor blockers

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15
Q

Natural rewards like sex and food work through activating what system?

A

Dopamine activation in the Mesolimbic System

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16
Q

What two areas of the brain are responsible for Acetylcholine production and are lost/damaged in Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  1. Nucleus Basalis
  2. Septal Nucleus
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17
Q

What is the function of the Amygdala in the limbic system?

A

Role in fear conditioning

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18
Q

What happens with lesions of the amygdala?

A

Prevention of fear conditioning.

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19
Q

Injury to the prefrontal cortex/Prefrontal Lobe Syndrome causes what four main symptoms?

A
  1. Impairment in goal directed behavior
  2. Lack of emotion in decision-making (lack of risk aversion)
  3. Poor social judgement (antisocial behavior)
  4. Poor emotional control (increased impulsivity)
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20
Q

What part of the prefrontal cortex is involved in working memory and executive function?

A

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

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21
Q

What part of the prefrontal cortex is responsible for sending projections to the Amygdala?

A

Orbital Frontal Cortex

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22
Q

Is the prefrontal cortex normally excitatory or inhibitory to the amygdala?

A

Inhibitory

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23
Q

Is the amygdala normally excitatory or inhibitory to the hypothalamus?

A

Excitatory

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24
Q

In the case of H.M., he had a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy in order to stop seizures that were occurring in what specific part of the brain?

A

Hippocampus

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25
Q

H.M.’s symptoms post-surgery included what (according to Dr. Engeland)?

A
  1. Anterograde amnesia (inability to create new memories)
  2. Temporally graded retrograde amnesia (inability to access long term memories post-surgery)
  3. Loss of explicit or declarative memory (semantic & episodic or facts & experiences)
  4. Intact implicit memory (procedural or nondeclarative - motor skills)
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26
Q

What part of the limbic system is dysfunctional in an individual with Urbach-Wiethe disease?

A

Bilateral Amygdala

27
Q

What are the main symptoms of Urbach-Wiethe disease?

A
  • Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expression
  • Inability to judge “like” emotions
    • ex. fear vs anger
    • ex. surprise vs. happy
  • Memory loss especially of info with emotional content
28
Q

What is the triad of symptoms in PTSD?

A
  1. Re-experiencing phenomena (flashbacks)
  2. Avoidance of situations that parallel the initial trauma
  3. Hyperarousal/Hypervigilance (increased anxiety)
29
Q

Changes in activity of what two parts of the brain are seen in fMRI of patient’s with PTSD?

A
  • Amygdala = increased activity
  • Medial Prefrontal Cortex = decreased activity
    • prefrontal cortex normally inhibits amygdala
30
Q

Psychiatric effective drugs affect what type of neurotransmitters/NT receptors in the limbic areas?

A
  • Monoamines
    • Dopamine (DA)
    • Norepinephrine (NE)
    • Serotonin (5HT)
31
Q

What are the positive or easily recognized sytmpoms of Schizophrenia?

A

Delusions & Hallucinations

32
Q

What are/is the negative symptom(s) of Schizophrenia?

A

Social withdrawal

33
Q

Treatment of schizophrenia are only affective on what type of symptoms?

A
  • Positive/easily recognized symptoms:
    • delusions
    • hallucinations
34
Q

What is the “dopamine” hypothesis of schizophrenia’s neurochemical basis?

A
  • Disorder that is associated with increase in Dopamine receptor activity.
35
Q

What type of psychosis is compared to the “dopamine hypothesis” of schizophrenia?

A

Amphetamine Psychosis

36
Q

What is the treatment for schizophrenia when considering the “dopamine hypothesis”?

A

Anti-psychotic = Haloperidol

37
Q

What is the MOA of Haloperidol?

A

Blocks dopamine receptors

38
Q

What are the side effects of treating Schizophrenia with Haloperidol?

A
  • Not always effective
  • Adverse side effects
    • motor dysfunction (Parkinsonian-like)
39
Q

What is the atypical anti-psychotic for the treatment of schizophrenia according to the “dopamine hypothesis”?

A

Clozapine

40
Q

What is the MOA of Clozapine?

A

Block serotonin (5HT) receptors

41
Q

What is the “glutamate hypothesis” of schizophrenia?

A

Blocked NMDA glutamate receptors

42
Q

What street drug causes schizophrenic-like symptoms due to the blockage of NMDA glutamate receptors?

A

Phencyclidine (PCP) - Angel dust

43
Q

What is the proposed treatment of schizophrenia according to the “glutamate hypothesis”?

A

Increase glutamate receptor activity by:

Blocking glutamate reuptake –> increased [glutamate] in synapse

44
Q

What limbic system condition involves 15% of the total population, is prevalent in 20% of women, and affects 13% of men?

A

Depression

45
Q

What are the three main symptoms of depression?

A
  1. Lethargy
  2. Anhedonia (no pleasure in pleasurable activities)
  3. Loss of sleep
46
Q

What is the neurochemical basis of depression?

A

“Monoamine Hypothesis”

Decrease in NE and/or Serotonin receptor activity

47
Q

What are the three types of treatments for depression?

A
  1. Monoamine oxidase inhibition
  2. Tricyclics
  3. SSRIs
48
Q

What part of the monoaminergic cycle do monoamine oxidase inhibitors work?

A

Inhibit degradation/metabolism of NE/5HT

49
Q

What part of the monoaminergic cycle do Tricyclics work in the treatment of depression?

A

Inhibit reuptake of NE/5HT

(monoamine reuptake inhibitors)

50
Q

What part of the monoaminergic cycle do SSRIs work in the treatment of depression?

A

Block reuptake of 5HT

(monoamine reuptake inhibitors)

51
Q

What is the classic triad of symptoms in Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

A
  • Disorder of immediate memory (no new memories)
  • Disorientation (in space and time)
  • Confabulation (fabrication)
52
Q

What are the two causes of Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

A
  • Chronic Alcoholism
  • Vitamin Deficiency = B1 - Thiamine
53
Q

What part of the limbic system is damaged in Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

A

Mammillary bodies/Mammillothalamic Tract

54
Q

What area of the limbic system is damaged in Kluver-Blucy Syndrome?

A

Bilateral medial temporal damage

(amygdala, hippocampus, temporal cortex)

55
Q

What conditions cause bilateral temporal lobe damage that result in Kluver-Blucy Syndrome?

A

Encephalitis & Stroke

56
Q

What are the four symptoms in Kluver-Blucy Syndrome?

A
  • Oral tendencies (all objects in mouth)
  • Show very little emotion
    • due to damaged amygdala
  • Hypersexuality
    • due to damage of pathway to hypothalamus
  • Visual agnosia
    • inability to recognize objects or discriminate visual stimuli
    • due to damage of visual pathways from occipital lobe to temporal lobe
57
Q

What disease has 50% incidence in people over age 85 and involves chronic progressive deterioration with distinct developmental stages?

A

Alzehimer’s Disease

58
Q

What are the four primary symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease?

A
  1. Loss of memory
  2. Mood disorder (anxiety & depression)
  3. Loss of motor function (move slower)
  4. Complete loss of cognitive function
59
Q

What is the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease symptoms?

A
  • Loss of neurons in Nucleus Basalis
    • Loss of cholinergic input to hippocampus
  • Presence of neurofibrillary tangles (phosphorylated tau proteins)
  • Presence of extra-cellular Beta-amyloid plaques
60
Q

Why do patient’s with Alzheimer’s disease have HUGE ventricles?

A

Due to loss of gray matter

61
Q

Why do we treat Alzheimer patient with Donepezil (Aricept)?

A

Anticholinesterase - block break down of ACh

(try to preserve cholinergic input to the hippocampus)

62
Q

What is the triad of symptoms seen in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)?

A
  • Cognition changes
    • anterograde amnesia (problem w/ new memories)
    • executive dyfunction (problem with goal-directed behaviors)
  • Mood changes
    • depression
    • apathy
  • Behavior changes
    • decreased impulse control
    • increased aggressiveness
63
Q

What is the etiology of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) symptoms?

A
  • Generalized brain atrophy in
    • prefrontal cortex
    • temporal lobes (amygdala, hippocampus)
    • parietal lobes
  • Presence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs)

Neuro B4 - WLB (17 decks)

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