Speech and Language Flashcards
Define Speech
Communication through vocalized sounds that form spoken words and sentences
Phonation
Direct sounds produced by the larynx
Phoneme
a distinct sound that carries contrast with others
Dysphonia
Disturbance of phonation causing alteration of volume
Dysarthria
Disturbance of articulation caused by impaired motor control resulting in slurred speech
Mutism
absence of phonation
How to assess for spontaneous speech:
Have a subject read, repeat selected phrases
Listen for speech volume, rate of speech, articulation
Language definition
system of arbitrary symbols that permits communication of thoughts, idea, emotions
Aphasia
Loss of ability for spoken and written language
Alexia
Loss of ability to read when no visual impairment exists
Agraphia
Loss of the ability to write when no motor impairment exists.
Paraphasia
language errors due to word or sound substitution
Semantic paraphasia
substitution of one word for another
Phonemic paraphrasia
substitution of one sound for another
Neologism
Creation of meaningless words
Semantics
The meaning or interpretation of a word, sentence, or other languge form
Syntax
System of rules (grammar)
Prosody
Tone, inflection that ads to meaning of words
Main language areas
Broca’s areas (44,45) and Wernicke’s (22)
Broca Aphasia- lesion in Broca Area
- Expressive or Motor Aphasia
Non-fluent speech and difficulty with syntax
Grammar and production of individualized words
Comprehension is intact
Lesion of arcuate fasciculus?
Conduction Aphasia- DIfficulty repeating words. Both comprehension and production of language intact
Wernicke Aphasia
Receptive or sensory aphasia, fluent speech, syntax, grammar intact.
Difficulty with comprehension of speech
Over 95% of right handed people show dominance in what hemisphere
Left
Over 65% of left handed people are what hemisphere dominant
Left, 15-20% are right, the remainder have mixed
Left hemisphere functions in a left dominant person?
Speech, writing, lexical and syntactic language
Right hemisphere functions in a left dominant person
Rudimentary speech
Emotional coloring of language
Six components of language testing
- Expression- normal verbal output 100-150 words per minute
- Comprehension- test ability to follow complex and simple commands
- Repitition- Ask subject to repeat single words and phrases
- Reading- Ask subject to read aloud and follow a written command
- Writing- ask subject to write a simple sentence
- Naming- Ask subject to identify common objects
Broca’s Aphasia
reduced verbal putput
single words or short phrases
words restricted to nouns, verbs, adjectives
Limited Use of syntactical words
Comprehension relatively spared, but some trouble in understanding complex syntactical language
Poor repititions, paraphrasias common.
Wernicke’s Aphasia
- Verbal output normal or increased.
- Sentences devoid of meaningful language…nouns reploaced by pronouns and prepositions
- Comprehension seriously impacted
- Lesion location- Brodman’s area 22
Global aphasia
- both expressive and receptive language function impaired.
- Non-fluent, common paraphasic errors
- Lesion involves large area of left hemisphere
Conduction aphasia
comprehension and fluency are relatively good but repition is poor
- Lesion in supramarginal gyrus and arcuate fasciculus
Transcortical motor aphasia
- uncommon aphasia similar to Broca’s except that subjects are able to repeat
- Lesion is left nterir frontal lobe, either superior or inferior to Broca’s area
Transcortical sensory aphasia
similar to wernicke’s except that subjects are able to repeat. Lesion is in left border zone between left middle cerebral arteries and posterior cerebral arteries
Mixed transcortical aphasia
uncommon aphasia similar to global aphasia except pts are able to repeat
