Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Neuroscience weeks 1-3 > Review of Cellular Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Review of Cellular Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are glia

A

They provide physical support to neurons (the other of the two principal cell types in the nervous system).
Also provide electrical insulation for impulse conductance
Provide metabolic exchange between the the vascular system and the Nervous sytem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cell Body of a Neuron called?

A

Soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the two types of processes that extend from a soma?

A

Axon and Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Electrical input for the cell comes trhough?

A

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Electrical output for a cell comes through

A

Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gray Matter =

A

unmyelinated tissue

Primaruly somas and dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

White matter=

A

tissue containing myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Myelin=

A

lipid wrapping on axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Soma of Neurons is especially rich in what cell organelle?

A

rER…because of the large amount of proteins it produces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What stain is used to look for Neuronal somas and proximal dendrites

A

A Nissl stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a Nissl stain

A

A stain which preferentially stains Nissl substance made up of Nissl bodies…basophillic mass that is made up primarily of rER and ribosomes (protein synthesis bundles).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nissl stain typically stains what parts of a neuron?

A

Cell body (stroma) and proximal dendrites…does not extend into the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

rER stacks appear as islands in the Nissl stain

A

ok

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Axons usually form where?

A

the soma at the axon hillock specifically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the axon Hillock

A

An area that is free of cell organelles. The beginning of an axon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Axonal initial segment is?

A

The area of the axon that originates at the hillock and goes to the beginning of the myelination line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are dendritic spines?

A

Places where dendrites receive information from other Neurons via synapses. This is especially true for excitatory inputs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which part of the axon is generally the site of action potential initiation?

A

Axonal initial segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are axon collaterals

A

major branches of an axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neurons whose axons contact muscle or glands are known as?

A

motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Neurons are classified based on what?

A

Dendritic structure (number and pattern of dendrites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are principal cells

A

Projection neurons, meaning they integrate information and send axons to other brain areas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Golgi Type 1 cells are

A

Principal cells…just means they have a long projection axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Interneurons are

A

cells that do not send their axon out of the local brain area. Also called local circuit neurons

25
Q

Interneurons are also classified as

A

Golgi Type 2 cells

26
Q

Synapses are

A

specialized junctions that allow neural signals to be communicated from one cell to another

27
Q

Two types of synaptic transmissions and they are?

A

Chemical and Electrical

28
Q

Electrical synapses are formed as direct connections from one cell to another via gap junctions.

A

ok

29
Q

Chemical synapses = electrical signal in the presynaptic neuron is transduced into release of a chemical transmitter that traverses a synaptic cleft to bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron

A

ok

30
Q

Synapses classified how?

A

By their subcellular target (axosomatic - synapse between axon and soma)

31
Q

Most excitatory synapses are what

A

formed on dendritic spines…called axospinous

32
Q

Vertebrate chemical synapses are

A

Unidirectional…they only transmit info from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic

33
Q

Know the pattern of sending a signal via a synapse

A

1) The presynaptic bouton contains membranous synaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitter
2) On an incoming nerve impulse, the entry of calcium causes synaptic vesicles to release their contents into the synaptic cleft
3) Specialized receptor proteins located in the postsynaptic density bind the neurotransmitter and generate another electrical signal in the postsynaptic cell.

34
Q

On the basis of their function, neurotransmitters can be divided into three classes:

A

excitatory- these types of synapses increases the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential. Examples are synapses containing acetylcholine ( at nicotinic receptors) or glutamate

inhibitory- reduces the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential. Examples are synapses with glycine or GABA

modulatory - influences how excitatory and inhibitory signals are integrated.

35
Q

Excitatory means

Inhibitory means

A

something that increases the probability of an action potential

Inhibitory means something that decreases the probability for an action potential

36
Q

Gray’s type 1 synapse

A

Excitatory

37
Q

Gray’s type 2 synapse

A

Inhibitory

38
Q

Gray’s type 1 synapses (excitatory) are found mostly on what?

A

Dendrites

39
Q

Type II synapses (inhibitory) are found where?

A

Somas mostly

40
Q

In electrical synapses, passive flow of electrical current from one cell to the next is achieved via?

A

Gap junctions

41
Q

Gap junctions are made up of what

A

Connexons (6 connexins make a connexon). These pores form a connection between the cytoplasm of two opposing cells

42
Q

ELectrical synapses can be bi-directional

A

whereas chemical synapses are uni-directional

43
Q

How are proteins made in the soma transported out of the soma and through processes (axons and dendrites)

A
  • Packed into cargo vesicles and transported along microtubules toward their destination via ratchet-like action.
  • Remember, there are separate engines for movement to the soma and away from the soma
  • To the soma= Dynein…moves vesicles retrograde (to the soma)
  • Away from the soma (anterograde)- Kinesin
44
Q

Schwann cells do what?

A

Provide myelination in the PNS

45
Q

Oligodendrocytes do what

A

myelination in the CNS

46
Q

Astrocytes do what

A

Provide general support and serve as part of the blood brain barrier in the CNS.

47
Q

Two types of astrocytes are?

A

Fibrous:

Protoplasmic

48
Q

Microglia do what?

A

They mediate phagocytosis and response to inflammation in the CNS… The immune cells of the brain

49
Q

Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia are all what type of cells

A

Neuroglia—-supporting cells

50
Q

Schwann cells provide myelination in the PNS. Myelination does what

A

electrical insulation

51
Q

Node of Ranvier is what?

A

The area in between two schwann cells…an unmyelinated area. This is the area where action potentials regenerate

52
Q

Endoneurium

A

Thin connective tissue layer that surrounds each nerve fiber

53
Q

Perineurium

A

Surrounds the nerve fascicle itself

54
Q

One oligodendrocytes has several processes and each process myelinates one axon, therefore one oligodendrocyte myelinates several axons

A

know

55
Q

Astrocytes do what

A

move metabolites to and from neurons

56
Q

Perineural feet?

Perivascular feet

A

processes from astrocytes that make ocntact with neurons

processes from astrocytes that make contact with blood vessels and myelin

57
Q

What are satellite cells

A

small cuboidal cells of neural crest origin….function as the astrocytes of teh PNS

58
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line the ventricles of the braina nd the central canal of the spinal cord…cells are often cilliated and form simple cuboidal or low columnar epithelium.

Clinical Neuroscience weeks 1-3 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions